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1、SocialMediaandYouthMentalHealthTheU.S.SurgeonGenerasAdvisoryContentsAbouttheAdvisory3SocialMediaandYouthMentalHealth4SocialMediaHasBothPositiveandNegativeImpacts5onChildrenandAdolescentsThePotentialBenefitsofSocialMediaUseAmongChildrenandAdolescents6ThePotentialHarmsofSocialMediaUseAmongChildrenandA
2、dolescents6WhatDrivesMentalHealthandWell-BeingConcerns:8ASnapshotoftheScientificEvidencePotentialRiskofHarmfromContentExposure8PotentialRiskofHarmfromExcessiveandProblematicUse9CriticalQuestionsRemainUnanswered11KnownEvidenceGaps11WeMustTakeAction:AWayForward13WhatPolicymakersCanDo15WhatTechnologyCo
3、mpaniesCanDo16WhatParentsandCaregiversCanDo17WhatChildrenandAdolescentsCanDo18WhatResearchersCanDo19Acknowledgments20Endnotes21AbouttheAdvisoryASurgeonGenerasAdvisoryisapublicstatementthatcallstheAmericanpeople,sattentiontoanurgentpublichealthissueandprovidesrecommendationsforhowitshouldbeaddressed.
4、Advisoriesarereservedforsignificantpublichealthchallengesthatrequirethenation,simmediateawarenessandaction.ThisAdvisorycallsattentiontothegrowingconcernsabouttheeffectsofsocialmediaonyouthmentalhealth.Itexploresanddescribesthecurrentevidenceonthepositiveandnegativeimpactsofsocialmediaonchildrenandad
5、olescents,someoftheprimaryareasformentalhealthandwell-beingconcerns,andopportunitiesforadditionalresearchtohelpunderstandthefullscopeandscaleofsocialmedia,simpact.Thisdocumentisnotanexhaustivereviewoftheliterature.Rather,itwasdevelopedthroughasubstantialreviewoftheavailableevidence,primarilyfoundvia
6、electronicsearchesofresearcharticlespublishedinEnglishandresourcessuggestedbyawiderangeofsubjectmatterexperts,withprioritygivento,butnotlimitedto,meta-analysesandsystematicliteraturereviews.Italsooffersactionablerecommendationsfortheinstitutionsthatcanshapeonlineenvironments-policymakersandtechnolog
7、ycompanies-aswellasforwhatparentsandcaregivers,youngpeople,andresearcherscando.ForadditionalbackgroundandtoreadotherSurgeonGeneralsAdvisories,visitSurgeonGenera1.govSocialMediaandYouthMentalHealthSocialmedia1usebyyouthisnearlyuniversal.Upto95%ofyouthages13-17reportusingasocialmediaplatform,withmoret
8、hanathirdsayingtheyusesocialmediaualmostconstantly/2Althoughage13iscommonlytherequiredminimumageusedbysocialmediaplatformsintheU.S.,3nearly40%ofchildrenages8-12usesocialmedia.4Despitethiswidespreaduseamongchildrenandadolescents,robustindependentsafetyanalysesontheimpactofsocialmediaonyouthhavenotyet
9、beenconducted.Thereareincreasingconcernsamongresearchers,parentsandcaregivers,youngpeople,healthcareexperts,andothersabouttheimpactofsocialmediaonyouthmentalhealth.56Moreresearchisneededtofullyunderstandtheimpactofsocialmedia;however,thecurrentbodyofevidenceindicatesthatwhilesocialmediamayhavebenefi
10、tsforsomechildrenandadolescents,thereareampleindicatorsthatsocialmediacanalsohaveaprofoundriskofharmtothementalhealthandwell-beingofchildrenandadolescents.Atthistime,wedonotyethaveenoughevidencetodetermineifsocialmediaissufficientlysafeforchildrenandadolescents.Wemustacknowledgethegrowingbodyofresea
11、rchaboutpotentialharms,increaseourcollectiveunderstandingoftherisksassociatedwithsocialmediause,andurgentlytakeactiontocreatesafeandhealthydigitalenvironmentsthatminimizeharmandsafeguardchildren,sandadolescents1mentalhealthandwell-beingduringcriticalstagesOfdevelopment.Upto95%ofyouthages13-17reportu
12、singasocialmediaplatform,withmorethanathirdsayingtheyusesocialmediaHalmostconstantly.,SocialMediaHasBothPositiveandNegativeImpactsonChildrenandAdolescentsTheinfluenceofsocialmediaonyouthmentalhealthisshapedbymanycomplexfactors,including,butnotlimitedto,theamountoftimechildrenandadolescentsspendonpla
13、tforms,thetypeofcontenttheyconsumeorareotherwiseexposedto,theactivitiesandinteractionssocialmediaaffords,andthedegreetowhichitdisruptsactivitiesthatareessentialforhealthlikesleepandphysicalactivity.6Importantly,differentchildrenandadolescentsareaffectedbysocialmediaindifferentways,basedontheirindivi
14、dualstrengthsandvulnerabilities,andbasedoncultural,historical,andsocio-economicfactors.718Thereisbroadagreementamongthescientificcommunitythatsocialmediahasthepotentialtobothbenefitandharmchildrenandadolescents.69Braindevelopmentisacriticalfactortoconsiderwhenassessingtheriskforharm.Adolescents,ages
15、10to19,areundergoingahighlysensitiveperiodofbraindevelopment.10-11Thisisaperiodwhenrisk-takingbehaviorsreachtheirpeak,whenwell-beingexperiencesthegreatestfluctuations,andwhenmentalhealthchallengessuchasdepressiontypicallyemerge.12-1314Furthermore,inearlyadolescence,whenidentitiesandsenseofself-worth
16、areforming,braindevelopmentisespeciallysusceptibletosocialpressures,peeropinions,andpeercomparison.1113Frequentsocialmediausemaybeassociatedwithdistinctchangesinthedevelopingbrainintheamygdala(importantforemotionallearningandbehavior)andtheprefrontalcortex(importantforimpulsecontrol,emotionalregulation,andmoderatingsocialbehavior),andcouldincreasesensitivitytosocialrewardsandpunishments.1516Assuch,ado
