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1、PaUO1.nnValnsoosQ.2-qndPolicyResearchWorkingPaper10659ConnectingPeopletoProjectsANewApproachtoMeasuringWomensEmploymentintheMiddleEastandNorthAfricaPZOfnValnsoosQ.2-qndRaguiAssaadCarolineKrafftworldBankgroupMiddleEastandNorthAfricaRegionOfficeoftheChiefEconomistJanuary2024Poi.icyRESEARCHWorkingPaper
2、10659AbstractInnovationstodateindetectingwomen,semploymenthavefocusedprimarilyonimprovingindividual-levelquestions.Thispaperexploresanalternativeapproach,usingdataonhouseholdenterprisesandaskingwhoparticipatesintheseactivities.Thisresearchusesthelatestwavesofthe1.aborMarketPanelSurrcysfortheArabRepu
3、blicofEgyPt(2018)andTunisia(2014).Theresearchquestionsarc(1)HOWdomcn,sandwomcn,semploymentrateschangewhenaddingenterprise-baseddetectionquestionstostandardindividual-levelquestions?(2)Wastheadditionalmarketsifledassubsistenceworkwithindividualmeasurementapproaches?(3)Forwhichwomenisadditionalemploym
4、entdetectedusingproject-basedapproaches?Thepaperpresentsdescriptiveresultsonworkbasedonthedifferentapproaches.Italsoestimateschangesinstate(beingreclassifiedasworking)fromaddingenterprise-leveldata.Thefindingsshowlargeincreasesinemploymentratesforruralwomeninbothcountrieswhenincludingenterprise-base
5、ddetectionquestions.ThispaperisaproductoftheOfficeoftheChiefEconomist,MiddleEastandNorthAfricaRegion.ItispartofalargereffortbytheWorldBanktoprovideopenaccesstoitsresearchandmakeacontributiontodevelopmentpolicydiscussionsaroundtheworld.PolicyResearchWorkingPapersarealsopostedontheWebatTheauthorsmaybe
6、contactedatassaadumn.eduorcgkrafftstkate.edu.TbcPoiityReseelopnentissues.Anol)jectieoftheseriesisto妒tbefindingoutquickly,eveniftbepresentationsarelessthanfullyf)olisbed.Thepaperscanythenamesoft!)tauthorsandshouldbecitedaccordingly.Tbefinding,interpretations,andconclusionsexpressedinthispaperareenfir
7、efythose可theauthors.TheydonotnecrssarilyrrprvstrnttbeviewsoftbeInleniationalbankforReconstructionandDevtiopMenl/WorldBankanditsaffiliatedorganisations,orthoseoftbeVlxecuihvDincforsoflbeWorldBankortbeavmmentstheyrepresent.ProducedbytheResearchSupportTeamConnectingPeopletoProjects:ANewApproachtoMeasur
8、ingWomen,sEmploymentintheMiddleEastandNorthAfricaRaguiAssaadCorrespondingauthor.HumphreySchoolofPublicAffairs,UniversityOfMinnesota.Email:assaadumn.eduandCarolineKrafftDepartmentofEconomicsandPoliticalScience,St.CatherineUniversity.Email:cgkrafft()stkate.eduKeywords:Employment,gender,householdenterp
9、rises,Egypt,TunisiaJE1.codes:J21,J22J43AcknowledgmentsThisworkwassupportedbytheMENAChiefEconomistOfficeunderthelaborandgenderresearchprograms(TT1.s:NellyElmallakhandNazmulChaudhury).WeappreciatethecommentsofparticipantsintheMNACEauthors,workshop,particularlyourdiscussant1.ayaneAlhorr.1 IntroductionA
10、ccuratelymeasuringwomensemploymentiscriticaltounderstandingandaddressinggenderinequality,butthismeasurementischallenging,particularlyincontextswheregendernormsundervaluewomensparticipationinmarketemployment.Especiallyinlow-andmiddle-incomecountries(1.MICs),asubstantialshareofemploymentisinformal(1.a
11、PortaandShleifer2014)andthusinvisibleinadministrativedata,requiringemploymenttobeestimatedfromsurveys.Althoughthe19lhInternationalConferenceof1.abourStatisticians(IC1.S)in2013adoptedclearnewguidelinesforemploymentstatisticsandthedefinitionofemployment(I1.O2013),women,semploymentisoftenunderreportedi
12、nsurveys.Womenmayengageinavarietyofformsofwork.Wherethedividinglinebetweenmarketemployment,subsistencework,anddomesticworkismorefluid,women,semploymentcanbemismeasuredifsurveysarenotcarefullydesigned(Anker1983;AnkerandAnker1989;DesiereandCosta2019;Discenzaetal.2021;Durazoetal.2021;FranckandOlsson201
13、4;1.angstenandSalem2008;MullerandSousa2020).Pastinnovationshaveworkedtoimprovemeasurementofwomen,semploymentinindividuallevelsurveysbymovingbeyondsimplekeyworddetectionquestionstoanactivitieslistorrecoveryquestionstocapturemoreofthe“hidden”workdonebywomen(Anker1983;AnkerandAnker1989;Discenzaetal.202
14、1;Durazoetal.2021;1.angstenandSalem2008).KeywordquestionstypicallytrytodetectemploymentbyaskingaboutworkoraJobor“mainactivity,Women,especiallyincontextswheregendernormsemphasizewomen,srolesashomemakers,maynotconsidertheiremploymentajob,identifyingprimarilyashousewives,evenifhelpinginafamilybusinesso
15、rfarm(FranckandOlsson2014;MullerandSousa2020).Activitieslistsaskrespondentsiftheyengagedinspecific,oftenunder-detectedlocalactivities(e.g.makingcheese,butter,orgheetosell)(AnkerandAnker1989;1.angstenandSalem2008).PastresearchfromtheArabRepublicofEgypthasshownthesuperiorityoftheindividualactivitieslistincapturingwork,comparedtokeyworddetectionapproaches(1.angstenandSalem2008).Recoveryquestionstakeasimilarapproach,askingiftheindividualwasworkingonafamilyfarm,forexample,andwhethertheproductswereintendedformarket(Discenzaetal.2021;Durazoetal.2021).Theseinnovationscansubstantiallyincre
