《Inventory management 库存管理 -外文翻译.docx》由会员分享，可在线阅读，更多相关《Inventory management 库存管理 -外文翻译.docx（10页珍藏版）》请在第壹文秘上搜索。
1、FloydD.Hedrick,1.ibraryofCongress,Washington,D.C.Editor:JeannetteBudding,CommunicationsManagerNationalAssociationofPurchasingManagementInventorymanagementAbstractInventorymanagement,orinventorycontrol,isanattempttobalanceinventoryneedsandrequirementswiththeneedtominimizecostsresultingfromobtainingan
2、dholdinginventory.Thereareseveralschoolsofthoughtthatviewinventoryanditsfunctiondifferently.Thesewillbeaddressedlater,butfirstwepresentafoundationtofacilitatethereadersunderstandingofinventoryanditsfunctionInventorymanagementisinventorymanagementinshort.Asanimportantinventoryofliquidassets,itsexiste
3、nceisboundtotakeupalotOfliquidity.Ingeneral,inventoriesofindustrialenterprisesaccountedforabout30%ofthetotalassetsofcommercialcirculationenterprisesisevenhigher,themanagementofutilizationisdirectlyrelatedtotheoccupationofthelevelofcorporatefundsandassetefficiency.Therefore,abusinesstomaintainhighpro
4、fitability,shouldbeattachedgreatimportancetoinventorymanagement.Inventorymanagementatdifferentlevels,thecompanysaverageoccupancyleveloffundingisabigdifference.Throughtheimplementationofproperinventorymanagementmethodstoreducetheleveloftheaverageamountoffundsusedtoimprovetheinventoryturnoverrateandto
5、talassets,willultimatelyimprovetheeconomicefficiencyofenterprises.Keyword：Inventory；ManagementChapter I InventoryDefinitionInventoryisaquantityorstoreofgoodsthatisheldforsomepurposeoruse(thetermmayalsobeusedasaverb,meaningtotakeinventoryortocountallgoodsheldininventory).Inventorymaybekeptin-house,11
6、meaningonthepremisesornearbyforimmediateuse;oritmaybeheldinadistantwarehouseordistributioncenterforfutureuse.Withtheexceptionoffirmsutilizingjust-in-timemethods,moreoftenthannot,theterm11inventory11impliesastoredquantityofgoodsthatexceedswhatisneededforthefirmtofunctionatthecurrenttime(e.g.,withinth
7、enextfewhours).Chapter II ThemeaningofInventoryManagement2.1maintainthelistWhywouldafirmholdmoreinventorythaniscurrentlynecessarytoensurethefirmsoperation?Thefollowingisalistofreasonsformaintainingwhatwouldappeartobeexcess11inventory.Table1JanuaryFebruaryMarchAprilMayJuneDemand5500100200200Produce10
8、0100100100100100Month-endinventory501002002001000Table11-6monthabusinessdemand,production,endbalancesituation2.2 MeetdemandInorderforaretailertostayinbusiness,itmusthavetheproductsthatthecustomerwantsonhandwhenthecustomerwantsthem.Ifnot,theretailerwillhavetoback-ordertheproduct.Ifthecustomercangetth
9、egoodfromsomeothersource,heorshemaychoosetodosoratherthanelectingtoallowtheoriginalretailertomeetdemandlater(throughback-order).Hence,inmanyinstances,ifagoodisnotininventory,asaleislostforever.2.3 KeepoperationsrunningAmanufacturermusthavecertainpurchaseditems(rawmaterials,components,orsubassemblies
10、)inordertomanufactureitsproduct.Runningoutofonlyoneitemcanpreventamanufacturerfromcompletingtheproductionofitsfinishedgds.Inventorybetweensuccessivedependentoperationsalsoservestodecouplethedependencyoftheoperations.Amachineorworkcenlerisoftendependentuponthepreviousoperationtoprovideitwithpartstowo
11、rkon.Ifworkceasesataworkcenter,thenallsubsequentcenterswillshutdownforlackofwork.Ifasupplyofwork-in-processinventoryiskeptbetweeneachworkcenter,theneachmachinecanmaintainitsoperationsforalimitedtime,hopefullyuntiloperationsresumetheoriginalcenter.2.4 1.eadtime1.eadtimeisthetimethatelapsesbetweenthep
12、lacingofanorder(eitherapurchaseorderoraproductionorderissuedtotheshoporIhefactoryfloor)andactuallyreceivingthegoodsordered.Ifasupplier(anexternalfirmoraninternaldepartmentorplant)cannotsupplytherequiredgoodsondemand,thentheclientfirmmustkeepaninventoryoftheneededgoods.Thelongertheleadtime,thelargert
13、hequantityofgoodsthefirmmustcarryininventory.Ajust-in-time(JIT)manufacturingfirm,suchasNissaninSmyrna,Tennessee,canmaintainextremelylowlevelsofinventory.Nissantakesdeliveryontruckseatsasmanyas18timesperday.However,steelmillsmayhavealeadtimeofuptothreemonths.Thatmeansthatafirmthatusessteelproducedatt
14、hemillmustplaceordersatleastthreemonthsinadvanceoftheirneed.Inordertokeeptheiroperationsrunninginthemeantime,anon-handinventoryofthreemonthssteelrequirementswouldbenecessary.2.5 HedgeInventorycanalsobeusedasahedgeagainstpriceincreasesandinflation.Salesmenroutinelycallpurchasingagentsshortlybeforeapr
15、iceincreasegoesintoeffect.Thisgivesthebuyerachancetopurchasematerial,inexcessofcurrentneed,atapricethatislowerthanitwouldbeifthebuyerwaileduntilafterthepriceincreaseoccurs.2.6 SmoothingrequirementsSometimesinventoryisusedtosmoothdemandrequirementsinamarketwheredemandissomewhaterratic.Considerthedema
16、ndforecastandproductionscheduleoutlinedinTablelNoticehowtheuseofinventoryhasallowedthefirmtomaintainasteadyrateofoutput(thusavoidingthecostofhiringandtrainingnewpersonnel),whilebuildingupinventoryinanticipationofanincreaseindemand.Infact,thisisoftencalledanticipationinventory.Inessence,theuseofinventoryhasallowedthefirmtomovedemandrequirementstoearlierperiods,thussmoothingthedemand.Chapter III Con
