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1、Chapter1Invitationsto1.inguistics1.1 Whystudy1.anguage?1. 1.anguageisveryessentia1.tohumanbeings.2. In1.anguagetherearemanythingsweshou1.dknow.3. Forfurtherunderstanding,weneedtostudy1.anguagescientifica1.1.y.1.2 Whatis1.anguage?1.3 Designfeaturesof1.anguageThefeaturesthatdefineourhunan1.anguagescan
2、beca1.1.eddesignfeatures吐ichcandistinguishhuman1.anguagefromanyanima1.systemofcomunication.1.3.1 Arbitrariness1.3.2 Dua1.ity1.3 .3CreativityCreativitymeansthat1.anguageisresourcefu1.becauseofitsdua1.ityanditsrecursiveness.Recursivenessreferstotheru1.eIrt1.iChcanbeapp1.iedrepeated1.ywithoutanydefinit
3、e1.imit.Therecursivenatureof1.anguageprovidesatheoretica1.basisforthepossibi1.ityofcreatingend1.esssentences.1.3.4Disp1.acement1.4 Originof1.anguage1. Thebow-wowtheoryInprimitivetimespeop1.eimitatedthesoundsoftheanima1.ca1.1.sinthevi1.denvironmentthey1.ivedandspeechdeve1.opedfromthat.2. Theph-phtheo
4、ryInthehard1.ifeofourprimitiveancestors,theyutterinstinctivesoundsofpains,angerandjoyId1.iChgradua1.1.ydeve1.opedinto1.anguage.3. Theyo-he-hotheoryAsprimitivepeop1.eworkedtogether,theyproducedsomerhythmicgruntswhichgradua1.1.ydeve1.opedintochantsandtheninto1.anguage.1.5Functionsof1.anguageAsispropos
5、edbyJacobson,1.anguagehassixfunctions:1. Referentia1.:toconveymessageandinformation;2. Poetic:toindu1.gein1.anguageforitsownsake;3. Emotive:toexpressattitudes,fee1.ingsandemotions;4. Conative:topersuadeandinf1.uenceothersthroughcoomandsandentreaties;5. Phatic:toestab1.ishcoununionwithothers;6. Meta1
6、.ingua1.:toc1.earupintentions,wordsandmeanings.WhatisContextua1.isD?wContextua1.isniwisbasedonthepresutionthatonecanderiveneaningfron,orreduceitto,observab1.econtext:the“situationa1.contextandthe1.inguisticcontext*.Everyutteranceoccursinaparticu1.arspatia1.-tempora1.situation,asthefo1.1.ovingfactors
7、arere1.atedtothesituationa1.context:(1)thespeakerandthehearer;(2)theactionstheyareperformingatthetime;(3)variousexterna1.objectsandevents：(4)deicticfeatures.The“1.inguisticcontextwisanotheraspectofcontextua1.ism.Itconsiderstheprobabi1.ityofoneword,sco-occurrenceorco1.1.ocationwithanother,whichformsp
8、artofthemeaning,andani11ortantfactorinC(MmIUniCation.Ha1.1.iday(1994)proposesatheoryofmetafunctionsof1.anguage.Itneansthat1.anguagehasthreemetafunctions:AccordingtoHuZhuang1.in,1.anguagehasat1.eastsevenfunctions:1.5.1Informative1.5.2Interpersona1.functionTheinterpersona1.functionmeanspeop1.ecanuse1.
9、anguagetoestab1.ishandmaintaintheirstatusinasociety.1.5.3PerformativeTheperformativefunctionof1.anguageisprimari1.ytochangethesocia1.statusofpersons,asinmarriageceremonies,thesentencingofcrimina1.s,theb1.essingofchi1.dren,thenamingofashipata1.aunchingceremony,andthecursingofenemies.1.5.4Emotivefunct
10、ion1.5.5PhaticcouunionThephaticccmminionmeanspeop1.ea1.waysusesomesma1.1.,seeming1.ymeaning1.essexpressionssuchasGdmorning,Godb1.essyou,Niceday,etc.,tomaintainacM11fortab1.ere1.ationshipbetweenpeop1.ewithoutanyfactua1.content.1.1.6 Recreationa1.functionTherecreationa1.functionmeanspeop1.euse1.anguag
11、eforthesheerjoyofusingit,suchasababy,sbabb1.ingorachanter,schanting.1.1.7 Meta1.ingua1.functionThemeta1.ingua1.functionmeanspeop1.ecanuse1.anguagetota1.kaboutitse1.f.E.g.Icanusethewordbooktota1.kaboutabook,andIcana1.sousetheexpression“thewordbooktota1.kaboutthesignb-o-o-kitse1.f.1.6 Whatis1.inguisti
12、cs?1.inguisticsisthescientificstudyof1.anguage.Itstudiesnotjustone1.anguageofanyonecoamunity,buttheIangUageofa1.1.hunanbeings.1.7Mainbranchesof1.inguistics1.6.1 PhoneticsPhoneticsisthestudyofspeechsounds,itinc1.udesthreemainareas:articu1.atoryphonetics,acousticphonetics,andauditoryphonetics.1.6.2 Ph
13、ono1.ogyPhono1.ogystudiestheru1.esgoverningthestructure,distribution,andsequencingofspeechsoundsandtheshapeofsy1.1.ab1.es.1.7 .3Morpho1.ogyMorpho1.ogystudiestheminima1.unitsofmeaningmorphemesandword-formationprocesses.1.7.4SyntaxSyntaxreferstotheru1.esgoverningthewaywordsarecombinedtofor11sentencesi
14、na1.anguage,orsimp1.y,thestudyoftheformationofsentences.1.7 .5SemanticsSemanticsexanineshowmeaningisencodedina1.anguage.1.7.6PragnaticsPragmaticsisthestudyofmeaningincontext.1.8 Macro1.inguisticsI1.acro1.inguisticsisthestudyof1.anguageina1.1.aspects,distinctfromDicro1.inguistics,whichdea1.tso1.e1.yw
15、iththeforma1.aspectof1.anguagesystem.1.8.1 Psycho1.inguisticsPsycho1.inguisticsinvestigatestheinterre1.ationof1.anguageandmind,inprocessingandproducingutterancesandin1.anguageacquisitionforexaiQ)1.e.1.8.2 Socio1.inguisticsSocio1.inguisticsisaternIrt1.iChcoversavarietyofdifferentinterestsin1.anguagea
16、ndsociety,inc1.udingthe1.anguageandthesocia1.characteristicsofitsusers.1.8.3Anthropo1.ogica1.1.inguistics,Anthropo1.ogica1.1.inguisticsstudiesthere1.ationshipbetween1.anguageandcu1.tureinacoununity.1.8.4Computationa1.1.inguisticsCo11utationa1.1.inguisticsisaninterdiscip1.inaryfie1.dIrfIiChcentersaroundtheuseofcomputerstoprocessorproducehuman1.ang
