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1、托福作文写作范文详解ReadingCarvedstoneballsareacurioustypeofartifactfoundatanumberoflocationsinScotland.TheydatefromthelateNeolithicperiod,around4,000yearsago.Theyareroundinshape;theywerecarvedfromseveraltypesofstone;mostareabout70mmindiameter;andmanyareornamentedtosomedegree.Archaeologistsdonotagreeaboutthei
2、rpurposeandmeaning,butthereareseveraltheories.Onetheoryisthatthecarvedstoneballswereweaponsusedinhuntingorfighting.Someofthestoneballshavebeenfoundwithholesinthemzandmanyhavegroovesonthesurface.Itispossiblethatacordwasstrungthroughtheholesorlaidinthegroovesaroundtheball.Holdingthestoneballsattheendo
3、fthecordwouldhaveallowedapersontoswingitaroundorthrowit.Asecondtheoryisthatthecarvedstoneballswereusedaspartofaprimitivesystemofweightsandmeasures.Thefactthattheyaresonearlyuniforminsize-at70mmindiameter-suggeststhattheballswereinterchangeableandrepresentedsomestandardunitofmeasure.Theycouldhavebeen
4、usedasstandardweightstomeasurequantitiesofgrainorotherfoodroranythingthatneededtobemeasuredbyweightonabalanceorscaleforthepurposeoftrade.Athirdtheoryisthatthecarvedstoneballsservedasocialpurposeasopposedtoapracticalorutilitarianone.Thisviewissupportedbythefactthatmanystoneballshaveelaboratedesigns.T
5、heelaboratecarvingsuggeststhatthestonesmayhavemarkedtheimportantsocialstatusoftheirowners.Listening:Nowlistentopartofalectureonthetopicyoujustreadabout.(Femaleprofessor)Noneofthethreetheoriespresentedinthereadingpassageareveryconvincing.Firstzthestoneballsashuntingweapons,commonNeolithicweaponssucha
6、sarrowheadsandhandaxesgenerallyshowsignsofwear,soweshouldexpectthatifthestoneballshadbeenusedasweaponsforhuntingoffighting,theyztoozwouldshowsignsofthatuse.Manyofthestoneballswouldbecrackedorhavepiecesbrokenoff.However,thesurfacesoftheballsaregenerallywellpreserved,showinglittleornowearordamage.Seco
7、nd,thecarvedstoneballsmayberemarkablyuniforminsize,buttheirmassesvarytooconsiderablytohavebeenusedasuniformweights.Thisisbecausethestoneballsweremadewithdifferenttypesofstoneincludingsandstone,greenstoneandquartzite.Eachtypeofstonehasadifferentdensity.SometypesofstoneareheavierthanOthersjustasahandf
8、uloffeathersweightlessthanahandfulofrocks.Twoballsofthesamesizearedifferentweightsdependingonthetypeofstonetheyaremadeof.Therefore,theballscouldnothavebeenusedasaprimitiveweighingsystem.Third,itsunlikelythatthemainpurposeoftheballswasassomekindofsocialmarker.Acoupleoffactsareinconsistentwiththistheo
9、ry.Foronething,whilesomeoftheballsarecarvedwithintricatepatterns,manyothershavemarkingsthatareextremelysimple,toosimpletomaketheballslooklikestatussymbols.Furthermore,weknowthatinNeolithicBritain,whensomeonedied,particularlyahigh-rankingperson,theywereusuallyburiedwiththeirpossessions.However,noneof
10、thecarvedstoneballshavebeenactuallyfoundintombsorgraves.Thatmakesitunlikelythattheballswerepersonalpossessionsthatmarkedapersonsstatuswithinthecommunity.SummarizethepointsmadeintheIecturezbeingsuretoexplainhowtheychallengedthespecifictheoriespresentedinthereadingpassage.一、阅读听力要点概括ReadingPassage1. Th
11、ereareseveraltheoriesaboutthepurposeandmeaningofcarvedstoneballs.2. First,thecarvedstoneballswereweaponsusedinhuntingorfighting.3. Second,theywereusedaspartofaprimitivesystemofweightsandmeasures.4. Third,theyservedasocialpurposeasopposedtoapracticalorutilitarianone.Lecture1. Noneofthetheoriespresent
12、edinthereadingpassageareveryconvincing.2. Thesurfacesoftheballsareverywellpreserved,showingnosignofwearordamage.However,commonNeolithicweaponsgenerallyshowsignsofwear.3. Theballsmaybeuniforminsize,butconsiderablydifferentinweight.Sotheycannotbeusedtoweighthings.4. Manycarvingaretoosimpletomakethemlo
13、oklikestatussymbols.Also,noneofthestoneswerefoundingraves,wherepeoplewithhighsocialstatuskepttheirpersonalpossessions.二、范文逐段赏析Paragraph1Theauthorinthereadingpassageexploresthreemajorfunctionsofthecarvedstoneballs.However,inthelecture,theprofessorrespectivelycontradictsallhisassertionsbyusingthreespe
14、cificpointsassupports.此段功能首段概括了阅读文本中的基本内容，同时提出了演讲者对此的反对意见,言简意赅，为下文论述做好铺垫。此段结构此段为并列结构，分别陈述了文章和演讲中的两方不同观点。Paragraph2Firstzeventhoughthereadingpassagesuggeststhatthestoneballswereweaponsbecauseoftheholesandgroovesontheirsurface,theprofessorarguesthatthestoneballsdidnotshowsignsofusezwhichmeanstheyarene
15、ithercrackednorbrokenandthuscouldnothavebeenusedasweapons.此段功能指出文章第一个观点，即因为这些石球表面分布有孔和槽,所以是武器。而演讲中驳斥到这些石球并没有破损所以说明它并没有被当做武器使用过。此段结构此段并列结构，指出文章第一个观点，并提出了演讲者的反驳意见。Paragraph3Second,despitethestatementinthereadingpassagethatthestoneballswereusedasprimitiveweighingsystemduetotheiruniformsize,theprofessor
16、contendsthattheirmassesvarytooconsiderablyfromeachotherbecausedifferentstonesaremadeofdifferentproductsevenifthesizesarethesame.Therefore,theballscouldnotfunctionasweighingsystem.此段功能指出文章第二个观点，即这些石球大小统一，是原始的称量体系。而演讲中驳斥到这些石球虽然大小统一但是材质不一，所以重量相差很大，无法作为称量体系。此段结构此段并列结构，指出文章第二个观点，并提出了演讲者的反驳意见。Paragraph4Third,theauthorassertsthatthestoneballsservedasocialpurposeowingtotheirelaboratedesignswhiletheprofessorprovest
