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1、Chapter 4 The basic knowledge of plant community and culture community in landscape 1 Definition of plant community The collection of all organisms that live together on a relatively uniform area of land.A plant community would refer to the vegetative portion of the whole community.Cultivated commun
2、ity is depend on human beings activities.Its formation and development are totally controlled by human being and their management level.2 Component and nomenclature of natural community1.Component of natural community自然群落的组成：自然群落的组成：Every community are composed of certain plants and have their physi
3、ognomy：composition of community 群落的组成成分：Community is compose of different species and the number of every species is unequal.A dominant species occupies most area in the community It controls the most characteristic of an ecological community and usually determines the presence,abundance,and type of
4、 other munity physiognomy(appearance)群落的外貌：群落群落的外貌：群落的外貌主要表现在以下几个方面：的外貌主要表现在以下几个方面：A The life form of dominant species优势种的生活型：优势种的生活型：Life forms of plants are an adaptation to complex environmental factors,therefore different habitats would have different plant structures and physiognomy.Plant life
5、forms are grouped into arbor,shrub and grass in a simple way.The appearance of community is depend on the life form of dominant species.B Density 密度：is the number of plants per area in the community.The density of plant in community is closely correlation with the appearance of community.如稀疏的松林与浓郁的松
6、林有着不同的形貌。C number of species 种类的多寡：the number of species has a big influence on the appearance of community.例如单纯一种树木的林丛常形成高度一致的线条，而若多种树木生长在一起，则无论在群落立面上或平面上的轮廓、线条都可有不同的变化。D hue of color 色相：is the color of various plants in the community.例如针叶树林常呈蓝绿色；柳树林呈浅绿色；银白杨树林则呈碧绿与银光闪烁的色相。E seasonal aspect季相：is the
7、 different appearance of the same community in same region with different seasons.例如，春季在岸边到处可见的堇菜、二月兰等蓝堇色的花朵，不久则是蒲公英黄色的花朵布满各处。入夏则羊胡子草的新穗形成一片褐黄色，浮于绿色的叶丝上。暮秋则银白杨的白茅迎风飞舞。即在一年四季之中表现为不同的形色。F Stratification of the community群落的分层现象：Communities usually have a noticeable vertical structure This vertical dist
8、ribution has an effect on the amount of light that penetrates to lower layers.The gradient of light affects the vertical distribution of plants Layers or strata,e.g.trees form the canopy,smaller trees form the understory,shrubs layer,herb layer,forest floor,and subterranean layer.There are different
9、 vertical stratifications in various community.层次少的如荒漠地区的植物常只有一层，层次多的如热带雨林中常达六、七层以上。这种层次的形成是依据植物种的高矮及不同的生态需求形成的。2.Nomenclature of community2.Nomenclature of community（2 2种）种）Stratified record 分层记载法分层记载法：Communities are often named after the every layers dominant species,using“+”connect every layers
10、dominant species and using“-”connect the dominant species within same layer.:coniferous,deciduous,etc.例如樟子松（Pinus）-越桔-藓群落。对在第一层中有两个优势种的樟子松与云杉的混交林，则可写为樟子松+云杉-越桔-藓群落。Simple record简要记载法简要记载法：only choose two dominant species to record this community.例如：云杉-蕨类群落。二、Component and nomenclature of culture com
11、munity栽栽培群落的组成及命名培群落的组成及命名1.Component of cultivated community栽培群落的组成：栽培群落的组成：Cultivated community is created by people.It may consist of only one species,or two species in mixture plantation or many species mixed together.However,the appearance of culture community also depends on the component,domi
12、nant species,dense and manner of community.2.Nomenclature of culture community栽培群落命名：栽培群落命名：The name of culture community usually add a structure and usage term of landscape before dominant species.如单纯树种的栽培群落可称为“自然风景式油松纯林”；混交种植的栽培群落有：“林荫道式油松、槭树混交群落”等等。一、一、群落的发育群落的发育 1.Initial phase of community发育初期：
13、发育初期：建立这个群落的主要树种还不稳定，群落组成不清楚，个体变化不知道，群体的季相、密度、外貌看不出，群落环境没确定。2.发育盛期：发育盛期：随着植物的生长，过了一段时间，主要优势种表现出来，群落的季相、密度、外貌、高度形成，群落环境也确定了。3.Senescence phase发育末期：发育末期：群落植物开始衰老，树冠缩小（向心生长），郁闭度缩小，阳光照射进来，风大，温度、湿度改变，环境发生变化，下层灌木、草本不适应而死亡，适合这种环境的树种和新来树种开始生长，这种变化孕育着演替。CLIMAX COMMUNITY 顶级群落-A relatively stable and undisturb
14、ed plant community that has evolved through stages and adapted to its environment.CLIMAX FOREST-Plant community dominated by trees representing the culminating stage of natural succession for that specific locality and environment.CLIMAX SPECIES-Plant species that will remain essentially unchanged i
15、n terms of species composition for as long as the siteremains undisturbed.二、二、Succession群落演替群落演替 Succession:The gradual supplanting 取代取代of one community of plants by another,the sequence of communities being termed a sere 演替系列演替系列and each seral stage.NOTE:(1)A sere whose first stage is open water is
16、 termed a hydrosere,one whose first stage is dry ground,a xerosere.(2)Succession is primary(by pioneers)on sites that have not previously borne vegetation,secondary after the whole or part of the original vegetation has been supplanted代替代替;allogenic异源异源 when the causes of succession are external to and independent of the community(e.g.,accretion of soil by wind or water,or a change of climate);and autogenic自源自源 when the developing vegetation is itself the cause.l.群落演替的原因有内部矛盾和外部矛盾，但最根本的原因在于森林群落内
