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1、1 核磁共振测井核磁共振测井2Why NMR Logging3Why NMR Logging?Porosity f fSaturation SwPermeability Kf f Neutronf f DensityRtSw 60%waterSw 40%oil40%Sw 60%oil+waterSwRwRt=f2What will the reservoir produce?Formation4Why NMR Logging?Neutron/Density log responsesPorosity f fSolidsComplex mineralogyFormation model1.Les
2、s sensitivity to pore fluids than to solid matrix;2.Radioactivity sources.5Why NMR Logging?Resistivity log responsesWater porosity f fwFormation modelComplex texture1.No resolution to capillary bound water;2.Difficulty to determine clay bound water;3.No sensitive to hydrocarbon types 6Why NMR Loggin
3、g?f f Neutronf f DensityResistivity RtSensitive volumes are poorly definedBore hole fluids effectsMud cake effectsRugosity effectsDepth of investigation mismatchVertical resolution mismatch 7 Total Porosity Effective PorosityPore Size Distribution PermeabilityCBW/BVI/FFI RockPropertiesFluidPropertie
4、sReservoirUnderstanding Hydrocarbon detection Hydrocarbon typingWhy NMR Logging?Log AnalystWhere are the HCs?How much HC?What type of HC?PetrophysicistWhat are the fluids?What is the reservoir quality?What will flow?Reservoir EngineerWhat will produce?At what rate?Which recovery strategy?The NMR log
5、ging provides answers for:8NMR Physics9NSNSNSNSNSNSNSNSNSNSNSNSNSNSNSNSNSNSNSNSNSNS+gpm=2hINSNS Magnetization10+NS1112Many spinsz zMMy yx xfBoo22B3)1(KTIIhNM+=gMagnetizationNSNSNSNSNSNSNSNSNSNSNSNSNSNSt t SN8NS13+gp m=2hIQuantum Mech.View(Energy)Classical View(Orientation)high Elow ED DEAppliedMagne
6、ticField,Bo1415B1t tPulse angleq q=g g B1 t tMMMMq qPulse Angle(in rotating frame of reference)f16MMMMq qfMMMq=90q=90 fMMMq=180q=180 f9090 pulse180180 pulseB1t tPulse angleq q=g g B1 t t17 在核磁测井中测量核磁弛豫的方法主在核磁测井中测量核磁弛豫的方法主要有自由感应衰减、自旋回波、反转恢要有自由感应衰减、自旋回波、反转恢复法等。自由感应衰减法在井下测量简复法等。自由感应衰减法在井下测量简便易行,自旋回波法可以
7、消除由于扩散便易行,自旋回波法可以消除由于扩散而对测量结果带来的误差,便结果更为而对测量结果带来的误差,便结果更为准确可靠,并且提高了信噪比。准确可靠,并且提高了信噪比。1890 pulse90 pulseFIDTime Free Induction Decay(FID)190 0t t2 2t tFIDFIDEcho9090180180Time(ms)(ms)Time(ms)(ms)1234520Signal1st Spin-Echo2nd Spin-EchoT Decay2T *Decay2RFTE/2TETE90180180Spin Echo Train21Time(ms)(ms)2 2
8、t t4 4t t6 6t t8 8t tTETE9090 18018018018018018018018022弛弛 豫豫 在射频脉冲施加以前,自旋系统处于平衡状态,磁化矢量在射频脉冲施加以前,自旋系统处于平衡状态,磁化矢量与静磁场方向相同,射频脉冲作用期间,磁化矢量偏离静磁场与静磁场方向相同,射频脉冲作用期间,磁化矢量偏离静磁场方向,射频脉冲作用完后,磁化矢量又将通过自由进动,朝方向,射频脉冲作用完后,磁化矢量又将通过自由进动,朝B0方向恢复,使核自旋从非平衡态分布恢复到平衡态分布。恢复方向恢复,使核自旋从非平衡态分布恢复到平衡态分布。恢复到平衡的过程中叫做到平衡的过程中叫做弛豫弛豫,它包含
9、两种不同的机理:非平衡态,它包含两种不同的机理:非平衡态磁化矢量的水平分量磁化矢量的水平分量MX、Y衰减至零的过程称为横向弛豫过程衰减至零的过程称为横向弛豫过程,弛豫速率用,弛豫速率用1/T2来表示,来表示,T2叫做叫做横向弛豫时间横向弛豫时间。横向弛豫过。横向弛豫过程中,自旋体系的内部相互作用,使磁化矢量进动相位从有序程中,自旋体系的内部相互作用,使磁化矢量进动相位从有序分布趋向无规分布。从此,自旋与晶格或环境之间不交换能量分布趋向无规分布。从此,自旋与晶格或环境之间不交换能量,自旋体系的总能量没有变化,所以,从微观机制上考虑,又,自旋体系的总能量没有变化,所以,从微观机制上考虑,又把这个弛
10、豫过程叫做自旋一自旋弛豫。把这个弛豫过程叫做自旋一自旋弛豫。23 磁化矢量的纵向分量磁化矢量的纵向分量MZ恢复到初始磁化强度恢复到初始磁化强度M0的的过程,称为纵向弛豫过程,弛豫速率用过程,称为纵向弛豫过程,弛豫速率用1/T1来表示,来表示,T1叫做叫做纵向弛豫时间纵向弛豫时间。在纵向弛豫过程中,磁能级上。在纵向弛豫过程中,磁能级上的粒子数要发生变化,自旋体系的能量也要发生变化的粒子数要发生变化,自旋体系的能量也要发生变化,自旋与晶格或环境之间交换能量,把共振时吸收的,自旋与晶格或环境之间交换能量,把共振时吸收的能量释放出来,因此,在微观机制止,把它称做自旋能量释放出来,因此,在微观机制止,把
11、它称做自旋一晶格弛豫。一晶格弛豫。24024681012140M0Time(s)Exp(-t/T2)3 T2,decay 95%1816 Transverse Relaxation25024681012140M0Time(s)1-exp(-t/T1)3 T1,Recovery95%1816 Polarization or Longitudinal Relaxation26M0RF pulseB1Time(s)Echo trainTWTime(s)Polarization27024681012140M0Time(s)Time(s)1816280 0t t2 2t tFIDEcho90901801
12、80Time(ms)29RF PulseTimeTE9090 180180 180180 180180 180180 S NS NS NS NEcho SignalTimeTEAntenna Magnet mandrel30Time Polarization T2 Polarization T2T2 DecayTETWT1 BuildupM0.e-t/T2M0(1-e-t/T1)31T Tw w=wait time wait time T Te e=interecho=interecho timetimeN Ne e=Number of echoes=Number of echoesR RA
13、A=running average=running average32P(i)tRaw Data:Echo TrainM(t)Processing Result:T2 DistributionT233物质的弛豫特征物质的弛豫特征 存在三种影响存在三种影响T1或或T2弛豫时间的弛豫时间的NMR弛豫机理:即颗弛豫机理:即颗粒表面弛豫、梯度场中分子扩散引起的弛豫和体积流体进粒表面弛豫、梯度场中分子扩散引起的弛豫和体积流体进动引起的弛豫动引起的弛豫 表面弛豫表面弛豫:流体分子在孔隙空间内不停地运动和扩散,在流体分子在孔隙空间内不停地运动和扩散,在NMR测量期间扩散使分子有充分机会与颗料表面碰撞。测量期
14、间扩散使分子有充分机会与颗料表面碰撞。在大部分岩石中,颗粒表面弛豫对在大部分岩石中,颗粒表面弛豫对T1和和T2的影响最大。的影响最大。体积弛豫体积弛豫:岩石孔隙中的流体固有的弛豫。岩石孔隙中的流体固有的弛豫。VST/122=扩散弛豫扩散弛豫:在梯度场中分子扩散造成的弛豫为扩散弛豫。在梯度场中分子扩散造成的弛豫为扩散弛豫。12122DGTTEDg=34Physics of NMR Logging Tool3536(each 1 mm thickat 1 mm spacing)16”373839MRIL-Prime Shells1”760kHz580kHz40Tw=12sSingle Freque
15、ncy ToolMRIL-B,CMR 3 ft/min.92%idleDual Frequency ToolMRIL-C6 ft/min.85%idleNine Frequency Tool(8 freq.shown)MRIL-Prime Tool24 ft/min.TE=0.6msTW=8sTW=1sTE=1.2msTE=3.6msTW=8sTotal porosity with Dual TE and Dual TW in a single pass to cover all Total porosity with Dual TE and Dual TW in a single pass
16、to cover all types of formation fluids that might be encounter in an types of formation fluids that might be encounter in an exploration/development well.exploration/development well.410100003030time msec3042434445464748井眼尺寸井眼尺寸仪器直径(仪器直径(inin)最小(最小(inin)最大(最大(inin)4 7/84 7/86 68.58.56 67 716164950MRILProcessing&InterpretationMRIL Corrections&Quality Control:Quality Control Curves:B1MOD+/-5%of B1 CalibrationCHI 2(Curve to fit quality)GAINPHNO 1.0(Standard Deviation of channel after rotation)PHER