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1、ChemicaltreatmentofcrystallinesiliconsolarcellsasamethodofrecoveringpuresiliconfromphotovoltaicmodulesRenewableEnergyPhotovoltaictechnologyisusedworldwidetoprovidereliableandcost-effectiveelectricityforindustrial,commercial,residentialandcommunityapplications.TheaveragelifetimeofPVmodulescanbeexpect
2、edtobemorethan25years.ThedisposalofPVsystemswillbemeaprobleminviewofthecontinuallyincreasingproductionOfPVmodules.Thesecanberecycledforaboutthesamecostastheirdisposal.Photovoltaicmodulesincrystallinesiliconsolarcellsaremadefromthefollowingelements,inorderofmass:glass,aluminiumframe,EVAcopolymertrans
3、parenthermetisinglayer,photovoltaiccells,installationbox,TedlaGprotectivefoilandassemblybolts.Fromaneconomicpointofview,takingintoaountthepriceandsupplylevel,puresilicon,whichcanberecycledfromPVcells,isthemostvaluableconstructionmaterialused.Recoveringpuresiliconfromdamagedorend-of-lifePVmodulescanl
4、eadtoeconomicandenvironmentalbenefits.Becauseofthehighqualityrequirementfortherecoveredsilicon,chemicalprocessingisthemostimportantstageoftherecyclingprocess.Thechemicaltreatmentconditionsneedtobepreciselyadjustedinordertoachievetherequiredpurityleveloftherecoveredsilicon.ForPVsystemsbasedoncrystall
5、inesilicon,aseriesofetchingprocesseswascarriedoutasfollows:etchingofelectricconnectors,anti-reflectivecoatingandn-pjunction.Thechemistryofetchingsolutionswasindividuallyadjustedforthedifferentsiliconcelltypes.Effortsweremadetoformulateauniversalcompositionfortheetchingsolution.Theprincipaltaskatthis
6、pointwastooptimisetheetchingtemperature,timeandalkaliconcentrationinsuchawaythatonlyasmuchsiliconwasremovedasnecessary.Engineering,institutions,andthepublicinterest:EvaluatingproductqualityintheKenyansolarphotovoltaicsindustryEnergyPolicySolarsalesinKenyaareamongthehighestpercapitaamongdevelopingcou
7、ntries.WhilethiscommercialsuccessmakestheKenyamarketagloballeader,productqualityproblemshavebeenapersistentconcern.Inthispaper,wereportperformancetestresultsfrom2004to2005forfivebrandsofamorphoussilicon(a-Si)photovoltaic(PV)modulessoldintheKenyamarket.Threeofthefivebrandsperformedwell,buttwoperforme
8、dwellbelowtheiradvertisedlevels.Theseresultssupportpreviousworkindicatingthathigh-qualitya-SiPVmodulesareagoodeconomicvalue.Thepresenceofthelowperformingbrands,however,confirmsaneedformarketinstitutionsthatensurethequalityofallproductssoldinthemarket.Priorworkfrom1999indicatedasimilarqualitypatterna
9、mongbrands.Thisconfirmsthepersistentnatureoftheproblem,andtheneedforvigilant,long-termapproachestoqualityassuranceforsolarmarketsinKenyaandelsewhere.Followingthereleaseofour2004/2005testresultsinKenya,theKenyaBureauofStandardsmovedtoimplementandenforceperformancestandardsforbothamorphousandcrystalli
10、nesiliconPVmodules.ThisappearstorepresentapositivesteptowardstheinstitutionalizationofqualityassuranceforproductsintheKenyasolarmarket.ElectricalperformanceresultsfromphysicalstresstestingofcommercialPVmodulestotheIEC61215testsequenceSolarEnergyMaterialsandSolarCellsThispaperpresentsstatisticalanaly
11、sisofthebehaviouroftheelectricalperformanceofcommercialcrystallinesiliconphotovoltaic(PV)modulestestedintheSolarTestInstallationoftheEuropeanCommissionsJointResearchCentrefrom1990upto2006totheIECStandard61215anditsdirectpredecessorCECSpecification503.Astrongcorrelationbetweendifferenttestresultswasn
12、otobserved,indicatingthatthestandardisasetofdifferent,generallyindependentstressfactors.TheresultsconfirmtheappropriatenessofthetestingschemetorevealdifferentmoduledesignproblemsrelatedrathertotheproductionqualitycontrolthanmaterialweaknessincommercialPVmodules.Efficiencymodelforphotovoltaicmodulesa
13、nddemonstrationofitsapplicationtoenergyyieldestimationAnewmethodhasbeenproposedW.Durisch,K.H.Lam,J.Close,Behaviourofacopperindiumgalliumdiselenidemoduleunderrealoperatingconditions,in:ProceedingsoftheWorldRenewableEnergyCongressVII,PergamonPress,Oxford,Elsevier,Amsterdam,2002,ISBN0-08-044079-7forthe
14、calculationoftheannualyieldofphotovoltaic(PV)modulesatselectedsites,usingsite-specificmeteorologicaldata.Theseyieldsareindispensableforcalculatingtheexpectedcostofelectricitygenerationfordifferentmodules,thusallowingthetypeofmoduletobeselectedwiththehighestyield-to-costratioforaspecificinstallations
15、ite.Theefficiencymodeldevelopedandusedforcalculatingtheyieldstakesthreeindependentvariablesintoaccount:celltemperature,solarirradianceandrelativeairmass.Openparametersofthemodelforaselectedmoduleareobtainedfromcurrent/voltage(PvOcharacteristics,measuredoutdoorsatPaulScherrerInstitutestestfacilityund
16、errealoperatingconditions.Fromthemodel,cellandmoduleefficienciescanbecalculatedunderallrelevantoperatingconditions.Yieldcalculationswereperformedforfivecommercialmodules(BPSolarBP585F,Kyocera1.A361K54S,Uni-SolarUPM-US-30,SiemensCISST40andWuerthWS11003)forasunnysiteinJordan(AlQawairah)forwhichreliablemeasuredmeteorologicaldataareavailable.Theserepresentmono-crystalline,poly-crystallineandamorphoussilinaswellaswithcopper-indium-diselenide1CulnSe2PVmodules.Theannu
