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1、Unit 1 Nursing and NursesChapter 1 General Description of NursingChapter 2 Factors Influencing Nursing PracticeChapter 3 Development History of NursingChief Contents The word nurse,originated from the Latin word nutrix,means“to nourish.”What is nursing?One definition:Virginia Henderson(维吉尼维吉尼亚亚韩德森韩德
2、森)wrote and the International Council of Nurses(ICN)adopted:DescriptionFactorsDevelopment第一节第一节 护理的定义护理的定义 The unique function of the nurse is to assist the individual,sick or well,in the performance of those activities contributing to health or its recovery(or to peaceful death)that he would perfor
3、m unaided if he had the necessary strength,will,or knowledge,and to do this in such a way as to help him gain independence as rapidly as possible。（护士独特的功能是协助个体，实施。（护士独特的功能是协助个体，实施有利于健康或恢复健康或平静死亡等活动。这些活动，在个有利于健康或恢复健康或平静死亡等活动。这些活动，在个体拥有体力、意愿、知识时，是可以独立完成的。护理活动体拥有体力、意愿、知识时，是可以独立完成的。护理活动就是尽快的让病人恢复独立。就是尽快
4、的让病人恢复独立。DescriptionFactorsDevelopment第一节第一节 护理的定义护理的定义 In 1965,the American Nurses Association(ANA)Committee defined nursing as an independent profession.Nursing is a helping profession（助人的职业）（助人的职业）and provides services which contribute to the health and well-being of people.护理是助人的职业和提供有利于人们健康的服务护
5、理是助人的职业和提供有利于人们健康的服务.DescriptionFactorsDevelopment第一节第一节 护理的定义护理的定义 The essential components of professional nursing are care,cure,and coordination.The care aspect is more than”to take care of”;it is“caring for”and“caring about”as well.（护理（护理的核心内容包括照顾、治疗和帮助。的核心内容包括照顾、治疗和帮助。“care”不仅不仅仅是照顾，也包含关怀和关心。）仅
6、是照顾，也包含关怀和关心。）DescriptionFactorsDevelopment第一节第一节 护理的定义护理的定义 The promotion of health and healing is the cure aspect of professional nursing.It is assisting clients to understand their health problems and helping them to cope.（健康促进和治愈是护理的治疗方面。护理（健康促进和治愈是护理的治疗方面。护理是帮助服务对象了解自己的健康问题并帮助是帮助服务对象了解自己的健康问题并帮
7、助他们应对。）他们应对。）DescriptionFactorsDevelopment第一节第一节 护理的定义护理的定义DescriptionFactorsDevelopment第一节第一节 护理的定义护理的定义 Professional Nursing Practice is sharing responsibility for the health and welfare of all those in the community,and participating in programs designed to prevent illness and maintain health.（护理
8、人员对社区所有的人的健康和福利负有责任，（护理人员对社区所有的人的健康和福利负有责任，并且要参与预防疾病和保持健康的活动项目。）并且要参与预防疾病和保持健康的活动项目。）The ANA congress（美国护士代表大会美国护士代表大会）for Nursing Practice(1973)defined:Nursing practice is“the diagnosis and treatment of human responses to actual or potential health problems.”护理护理是个体对现存的或是个体对现存的或潜在的健康问题潜在的健康问题反应反应的的
9、诊断和治疗。诊断和治疗。DescriptionFactorsDevelopment第一节第一节 护理的定义护理的定义 In all of the definitions,the central focus is the person receiving care,which includes the physical,emotional,social,and spiritual dimensions of that person.Nursing is no longer considered to be primarily concerned with illness;the concepts
10、 and definitions have expanded to include the prevention of illness and the maintenance of health for individuals,families,and communities.（所有护理定义的中心焦（所有护理定义的中心焦点是接受护理的具有生理、情感、社会、精神等层面点是接受护理的具有生理、情感、社会、精神等层面的人。护理的重点不再是关心疾病，而是已经扩展到的人。护理的重点不再是关心疾病，而是已经扩展到预防疾病和保持个体、家庭和社区的健康。）预防疾病和保持个体、家庭和社区的健康。）Descrip
11、tionFactorsDevelopment第一节第一节 护理的定义护理的定义Aims of NursingAims of NursingPromoting wellnessPreventing illness Restoring health Facilitating coping DescriptionFactorsDevelopment第一节第一节 护理的定义护理的定义促进健康促进健康 预防疾病预防疾病 恢复健康恢复健康 协助应协助应对对 Promoting wellness DescriptionFactorsDevelopment第一节第一节 护理的定义护理的定义 What is t
12、he objectives of wellness？The American Hospital Association(1980)further described wellness as follows:The objective of wellness is not merely to avoid illness or to prolong life,rather its objective is to enhance the quality of a persons life through activities that are designed to continually impr
13、ove the state of his physical,mental,emotional and spiritual well being.Wellness is as achievable by the aged,the chronically ill,or the handicapped as by anyone else.(健康的目标健康的目标不仅仅是避免疾病或延长生命不仅仅是避免疾病或延长生命，而是而是要通过不断的改善生理、心理、情感和精神等方面要通过不断的改善生理、心理、情感和精神等方面健康的活动来健康的活动来提高个体的生活质量提高个体的生活质量。）。）DescriptionFa
14、ctorsDevelopment第一节第一节 护理的定义护理的定义 Increases self-awarenessIncreases self-awareness(增强自我意识）增强自我意识）by facilitating decisions about life-style that enhance the quality of life and by encouraging acceptance of responsibility for ones own health.（通过通过协助服务对象做出有利协助服务对象做出有利于提高生活质量的生活方式的决定以及让服务对于提高生活质量的生活方式的
15、决定以及让服务对象对自己的健康负责象对自己的健康负责来来增强自我意识增强自我意识。）。）DescriptionFactorsDevelopment第一节第一节 护理的定义护理的定义DescriptionFactorsDevelopment第一节第一节 护理的定义护理的定义 Increases health awareness（增强健康意识增强健康意识）by assisting in the understanding that health is more than just not being ill and by teaching that certain behaviors and fa
16、ctors can contribute to or diminish wellness.（通过通过帮助服务对象了解帮助服务对象了解健康不仅仅是没有疾病，而且要让服务对象知道健康不仅仅是没有疾病，而且要让服务对象知道某种行为和某些因素可以增进健康或损害健康某种行为和某些因素可以增进健康或损害健康来来增强健康意识增强健康意识。）。）DescriptionFactorsDevelopment第一节第一节 护理的定义护理的定义DescriptionFactorsDevelopment第一节第一节 护理的定义护理的定义 Teaches wellness skills（教会健康技能）教会健康技能）by promoting decision making so that self-care activities maximize the achievement of goals that are realistic and attainable.（通过通过提高服务对象的决策水平以至于他们的自理提高服务对象的决策水平以至于他们的自理活动能够达到可以实现的、可以获得的最高目标活动能够达到可以实现的、可
