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1、Fundamentals:PartSofSPeeChIELTST1ADVANTAGE Phrases(HeadwordsandModifiers) Subject Verb Object Clauses IndependentClause Dependent(Subordinate)Clause Essential(ReStrictive)Clause/Phrase Non-essential(Nonrestrictive)Clause/PhraseWhatisaphrase? Aphraseisoneormorewordsfunctioningasaunitinasentenceoracla
2、use.AphraseisnotacompleteideaWithasubject,verbandpredicate Aphraseusuallycontainsaheadwordandaccompanyingmodifiers. Aheadwordisthemainwordofaphrase Amodifierdescribestheheadword. AmodifiermaycomebeforeoraftertheheadwordTherecanbemorethanonemodifier. Forexample:Anexpensivephone-Inthisexample,honisthe
3、headword,andthereare2modifiers:arfandexpensive.Thesemodifiersdescribetheheadword.Somecommontypesofphrase: Nounphrase:alargeblacktable Verbphrase:amstudying Prepositionalphrase:ontheinternet Adjectivephrase:veryeasy Adverbphrase:onlyoccasionally Gerundphrase:Importinggoods(noticehowthegerundhereisthe
4、headword)Whatisasubject? Aperson,animal,place,thing,orconceptthatdoesanaction.Determinethesubjectinasentencebyaskingthequestion“Whoorwhat7,.Forexample:Thebusinessmaninvestsinstocks.(Thebusinessmanisthesubject) Youcannothave2subjectstogether,forexample:Thepartyitwasfun. Thesubjectcanbeanounphrase:3bi
5、gIndianelephantswerekeptinazo Thesubjectcanbeagerund:Studyingisfun. Thesubjectcanbeagerundphrase:StudyingEnglishisfun. Thesubjectcanbeacombinationofphrases:StudyingEnglishatIELTSAdvantageisfun. Onemore:StudyingEnglishatIELTSAdvantagewheworkingparttimcforanengineeringfirmisfun.Whatisaverb? AKerbexpre
6、sseswhattheperson,animal,place,thing,orconceptdoes.Determinetheverbinasentencebyaskingthequestion“Whatwastheactionorwhathappened? Forexample:Thebusinessmaninvestsinstocks Sometimestherewillbeauxiliaryverbs.Theseareoftenfollowedbytheinfinitiveformofthesecondverb.Forexampie:Weshouldopenabusiness. Dono
7、tfollowmodalverbs%riththeingformofaverb.Thisisacommonmistake.Whatisanobject? Anobjectisaperson,animal,place,thing,orconceptthatreceivestheaction.DeterminetheobjectinasentencebyaskingthequestionTowhomorwhat?/Forwhomorwhat? Forexample:Thebusinessmaninvestsinstocks JustlikeSUbjeCtSobjectscangetquitelon
8、g.Forexample:Thebusinessmaninvestsinstocksthatotherpeopledonothaveconfidencein.Whatisaclause? Aclauseisapartfasentencethatcontainsatleastasubjectandaverb. Aclausemayalsocontainanobject Forexample:,HestudieJ(subject+verb)HestudiesEnglish(subject+erb+object)Somecommontypesofclauses: Independentclause
9、Dependent(Subordinate)clause Essential(ReStrictive)clause Non-essential(NOn-restrictive)clauseWhatisanindependentclause?Independentclause:Anindependentdausecanstandaloneasasentence.Itcontainsasubjectandaverb(andoftenanobject)andisacompleteideaThegovernmentprioritizessocialwelfareVoterturnoutasdecrea
10、sed.Whatisadependent(subordinate)clause? Dependentclause:Adependentclauseisnotacompletesentence.Itmustbeattachedtoanindependentclausetobecomecomplete.Thisisalsoknownasasubordinateclause.Itstillcontainsasubjectandaverb(andoftenanobject). Althoughthegovernmentprioritizessocialreform, Becausevoterturno
11、uthasdecreased, Despitetherisingtemperatures, Whenairfaresdecreased,Whatisanessential(restrictive)clausehrase? Arestrictiveclause/phrasecontainsinformationthatisessentialtodeliverthemeaningintended. Thereshouldbenocommasbeforeandaftertheclause.Forexample: Icanrememberatimewhentherewerenosmartphones.
12、 Thebookonthetableisveryinteresting.Whatisanon-essential(non-reStrictive)clause/phrase? Anon-restrictiveclause/phraseaddsinformationthatisnotessentialtothemeaningofasentence. Acommaisrequiredbeforeandaftertheclause.Forexample: Thetriwhichlaststwoweeks,WflIbeagreatculturalexperience. Theauthor;WilliamShakespeare,wroteover30plays.
