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1、ZQ国田IELTSADVANTAGEPaSSaRe3SpanishExplorationandConquestA-TheSpanishestablishedthefirstEuropeansettlementsintheAmericas,beginningintheCaribbeanand,by1600,extendingthroughoutCentralandSouthAmerica.ThousandsofpeopleflockedfromSpaintotheAmericasseekingwealthandstatus.ThemostfamousoftheseadventurersareCh
2、ristopherColumbus(who,thoughItalianhimsetexploredonbehalfoftheSpanishmonarchs),HernanCortes,andFranciscoPizarro.B-ThehistoryofSpanishexplorationbeginswiththehistoryofSpainitself.Duringthefifteenthcentury,Spainhopedtogainadvantageoveritsrival,Portugal.ThemarriageofFerdinandofAragonandIsabellaofCastil
3、ein1469unifiedCatholicSpainandbegantheprocessofbuildinganationthatcouldcompeteforworldwidepower.In1492ztheycompletedtheReconquista:theCenturies-IongChristianconquestoftheIberianPeninsula.TheReconquistamarkedanotherstepforwardintheprocessofmakingSpainanimperialpower;andFerdinandandIsabellawerenowread
4、ytolookfurtherafield.C-TheirgoalsweretoexpandCatholicismandtogainacommercialadvantageoverPortugal.Tothoseends,FerdinandandIsabellasponsoredextensiveAtlanticexploration.Spainsmostfamousexplorer,ChristopherColumbus,wasactuallyfromGenoa,Italy.Hebelievedthat,usingcalculationsbasedonothermarinersjourneys
5、,hecouldchartawestwardroutetoIndia,whichcouldbeusedtoexpandEuropeantradeandspreadChristianity.Startingin1485zheapproachedGenoese,Venetian,Portuguese,English,andSpanishmonarchs,askingforshipsandfundingtoexplorethiswestwardroute.AllthosehepetitionedincludingFerdinandandIsabellaatfirst-rebuffedhim;thei
6、rnauticalexpertsallconcurredthatColumbus/sestimatesofthewidthoftheAtlanticOceanwerefartoolow.However;afterthreeyearsofentreaties,and,moreimportantly,thecompletionoftheReconquista,FerdinandandIsabellaagreedtofinanceColumbussexpeditionin1492zsupplyinghimwiththreeships:theNina,thePinta,andtheSantaMaria
7、.TheSpanishmonarchsknewthatPortuguesemarinershadreachedthesoutherntipofAfricaandsailedtheIndianOcean.TheyunderstoodthatthePortuguesewouldsoonreachAsiaand,inthiscompetitiveracetoreachtheFarEast,theSpanishrulersdecidedtoact.D-Columbushelderroneousviewsthatshapedhisthinkingaboutwhathewouldencounterashe
8、sailedwest.Hebelievedtheearthtobemuchsmallerthanitsactualsizeand,sincehedidnotknowoftheexistenceoftheAmericas,hefullyexpectedtolandinAsia.OnOctober12,1492zhowever,hemadelandfallonanislandintheBahamas.HethensailedtoanislandhenamedHispaniola(present-dayDominicanRepublicandHaiti).Believinghehadlandedin
9、theEastIndies,ColumbuscalledthenativeTainoshefoundthere“Indios,“givingrisetotheterm“Indian”foranynativepeopleoftheNewWorld.UponColumbus/sreturntoSpain,theSpanishcrownbestowedonhimthetitleofAdmiraloftheOceanSeaandnamedhimgovernorandviceroyofthelandshehaddiscovered.E-Columbus,s1493letterorprobanzademe
10、rito(proofofmerit)describinghis“discoveryofaNewWorlddidmuchtoinspireexcitementinEurope.ProbanzasdemeritoswerereportsandlettersQD国IELTSADVANTAGEwrittenbySpaniardsintheNewWorldtotheSpanishcrown,designedtowinroyalpatronage.Todaytheyhighlightthedifficulttaskofhistoricalwork;whilethelettersareprimarysour
11、ces,historiansneedtounderstandthecontextandthecultureinwhichtheconquistadors,astheSpanishadventurerscametobecalled,wrotethemanddistinguishtheirbiasandsubjectivenature.Whiletheyarefilledwithdistortionsandfabrications,probanzasdemeritosarestillusefulinillustratingtheexpectationofwealthamongtheexplorer
12、saswellastheirviewthatnativepeopleswouldnotposeaseriousobstacletocolonization.F-In1493,ColumbussenttwocopiesofaprobanzademeritototheSpanishkingandqueenandtheirministeroffinance,LuisdeSantangel.SantangelhadsupportedColumbussvoyage,helpinghimtoobtainfundingfromFerdinandandIsabella.Copiesoftheletterwer
13、esooncirculatingalloverEurope,spreadingnewsofthewondrousnewlandthatColumbushad“discovered.Columbuswouldmakethreemorevoyagesoverthenextdecade,establishingSpain/sfirstsettlementintheNewWorldontheislandofHispaniola.ManyotherEuropeansfollowedinColumbus/sfootsteps,drawnbydreamsofwinningwealthbysailingwes
14、t.AnotherItalian,AmerigoVespuccizsailingforthePortuguesecrown,exploredtheSouthAmericancoastlinebetween1499and1502.UnlikeColumbus,herealizedthattheAmericaswerenotpartofAsiabutlandsunknowntoEuropeans.Vespucci/swidelypublishedaccountsofhisvoyagesfueledspeculationandintenseinterestintheNewWorldamongEuro
15、peans.AmongthosewhoreadVespuccisreportswastheGermanmapmakerMartinWaldseemuller.Usingtheexplorersfirstnameasalabelforthenewlandmass,WaldseemullerattachedAmerica“tohismapoftheNewWorldin1507zandthenamestuck.Source:https:C)PenStaX.orabooksus-historvDacIeS/2-1-PortUqUeSe-exploration-and-spcmish-conquestQ
16、uestions37-40Lookattheinformationbelow(Questions37-40)andthelistofpeoplebelow.MatcheachpieceofinformationwiththecorrectpersonA-E.NBanswersA-Ecanbeusedmorethanonce.37. AssistedColumbusingettingmoneyforhisvoyage.38. AnItalianexplorer.39. Createdamapbasedonthereportsofafamousexplorer.40. FinallyconqueredtheIberianPeninsula.IELTSADVANTAGEListofpeopleA. ChristopherColumbusB. FranciscoPizarroC. FerdinandandIsabellaD. LuisdeSantang
