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1、TablecompletionPaSSaRe3SpanishExplorationandConquestA-TheSpanishestablishedthefirstEuropeansettlementsintheAmericas,beginningintheCaribbeanand,by1600,extendingthroughoutCentralandSouthAmerica.ThousandsofpeopleflockedfromSpaintotheAmericasseekingwealthandstatus.ThemostfamousoftheseadventurersareChris
2、topherColumbus(who,thoughItalianhimsetexploredonbehalfoftheSpanishmonarchs),HernanCortes,andFranciscoPizarro.B-ThehistoryofSpanishexplorationbeginswiththehistoryofSpainitself.Duringthefifteenthcentury,Spainhopedtogainadvantageoveritsrival,Portugal.ThemarriageofFerdinandofAragonandIsabellaofCastilein
3、1469unifiedCatholicSpainandbegantheprocessofbuildinganationthatcouldcompeteforworldwidepower.In1492ztheycompletedtheReconquista:theCenturies-IongChristianconquestoftheIberianPeninsula.TheReconquistamarkedanotherstepforwardintheprocessofmakingSpainanimperialpower;andFerdinandandIsabellawerenowreadyto
4、lookfurtherafield.C-TheirgoalsweretoexpandCatholicismandtogainacommercialadvantageoverPortugal.Tothoseends,FerdinandandIsabellasponsoredextensiveAtlanticexploration.Spainsmostfamousexplorer,ChristopherColumbus,wasactuallyfromGenoa,Italy.Hebelievedthat,usingcalculationsbasedonothermarinersjourneys,he
5、couldchartawestwardroutetoIndia,whichcouldbeusedtoexpandEuropeantradeandspreadChristianity.Startingin1485zheapproachedGenoese,Venetian,Portuguese,English,andSpanishmonarchs,askingforshipsandfundingtoexplorethiswestwardroute.AllthosehepetitionedincludingFerdinandandIsabellaatfirst-rebuffedhim;theirna
6、uticalexpertsallconcurredthatColumbus/sestimatesofthewidthoftheAtlanticOceanwerefartoolow.However;afterthreeyearsofentreaties,and,moreimportantly,thecompletionoftheReconquista,FerdinandandIsabellaagreedtofinanceColumbussexpeditionin1492zsupplyinghimwiththreeships:theNina,thePinta,andtheSantaMaria.Th
7、eSpanishmonarchsknewthatPortuguesemarinershadreachedthesoutherntipofAfricaandsailedtheIndianOcean.TheyunderstoodthatthePortuguesewouldsoonreachAsiaand,inthiscompetitiveracetoreachtheFarEast,theSpanishrulersdecidedtoact.D-Columbushelderroneousviewsthatshapedhisthinkingaboutwhathewouldencounterashesai
8、ledwest.Hebelievedtheearthtobemuchsmallerthanitsactualsizeand,sincehedidnotknowoftheexistenceoftheAmericas,hefullyexpectedtolandinAsia.OnOctober12,1492zhowever,hemadelandfallonanislandintheBahamas.HethensailedtoanislandhenamedHispaniola(present-dayDominicanRepublicandHaiti).Believinghehadlandedinthe
9、EastIndies,ColumbuscalledthenativeTainoshefoundthere“Indios,“givingrisetotheterm“Indian”foranynativepeopleoftheNewWorld.UponColumbus/sreturntoSpain,theSpanishcrownbestowedonhimthetitleofAdmiraloftheOceanSeaandnamedhimgovernorandviceroyofthelandshehaddiscovered.E-Columbus,s1493letterorprobanzademerit
10、o(proofofmerit)describinghis“discoveryofaNewWorlddidmuchtoinspireexcitementinEurope.ProbanzasdemeritoswerereportsandlettersQD国IELTSADVANTAGETable completionwrittenbySpaniardsintheNewWorldtotheSpanishcrown,designedtowinroyalpatronage.Todaytheyhighlightthedifficulttaskofhistoricalwork;whilethelettersa
11、reprimarysources,historiansneedtounderstandthecontextandthecultureinwhichtheconquistadors,astheSpanishadventurerscametobecalled,wrotethemanddistinguishtheirbiasandsubjectivenature.Whiletheyarefilledwithdistortionsandfabrications,probanzasdemeritosarestillusefulinillustratingtheexpectationofwealthamo
12、ngtheexplorersaswellastheirviewthatnativepeopleswouldnotposeaseriousobstacletocolonization.F-In1493,ColumbussenttwocopiesofaprobanzademeritototheSpanishkingandqueenandtheirministeroffinance,LuisdeSantangel.SantangelhadsupportedColumbus,svoyage,helpinghimtoobtainfundingfromFerdinandandIsabella.Copies
13、oftheletterweresooncirculatingalloverEurope,spreadingnewsofthewondrousnewlandthatColumbushad“discovered.Columbuswouldmakethreemorevoyagesoverthenextdecade,establishingSpain/sfirstsettlementintheNewWorldontheislandofHispaniola.ManyotherEuropeansfollowedinColumbus/sfootsteps,drawnbydreamsofwinningweal
14、thbysailingwest.AnotherItalian,AmerigoVespuccizsailingforthePortuguesecrown,exploredtheSouthAmericancoastlinebetween1499and1502.UnlikeColumbus,herealizedthattheAmericaswerenotpartofAsiabutlandsunknowntoEuropeans.Vespucci/swidelypublishedaccountsofhisvoyagesfueledspeculationandintenseinterestintheNew
15、WorldamongEuropeans.AmongthosewhoreadVespuccisreportswastheGermanmapmakerMartinWaldseemuller.Usingtheexplorersfirstnameasalabelforthenewlandmass,WaldseemullerattachedAmerica“tohismapoftheNewWorldin1507zandthenamestuck.Source:https:C)PenStaX.orabooksus-historvDacIeS/2-1-PortUqUeSe-exploration-and-spc
16、mish-conquestTablecompletionQuestions28-31Completethetablebelow.ChooseNOMORETHANTWOWORDSAND/ORANUMBERfromreadingpassage3foreachanswer.DateEventPeopleinvolved28theunificationofCatholicSpainthemarriageofFerdinandandIsabellaOctober12,1492arrivalin29ChristopherColumbus1493Columbussendstwocopiesofareportsenttotheking,30.andLuisdeSantangelfrom1499to1502theexplorationoftheSouthAmericancoastAmerigoVespucci150
