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1、Definition They are circulating,bone marrow-derived cells that are functionally and phenotypically distinct from mature endothelial cells They can differentiate into endothelial cells in vitro,as assessed by expression profiles and functional characteristics They can contribute to in vivo vasculogen
2、esis and/or vascular homeostasis内皮祖细胞是能直接分化为血管内皮细胞的前体细胞内皮祖细胞是能直接分化为血管内皮细胞的前体细胞Embryonic EPC 胚外中胚层卵黄囊血岛胚外中胚层卵黄囊血岛 与造血干细胞存在共同的前体与造血干细胞存在共同的前体Adult EPCBone Marrow(3%BM-MNC)Peripheral Blood(0.2%MNC)Origin and differentiation of endothelial progenitor cellsHematopoietic stem cellsCD133+CD34+CD45CD14+CD45
3、+CD45+CD14+CD45+CD14+CD133+KDR+CD34+CD14+CD133+Endothelial markers+Endothelial markers+EPCsEPCsMyeloid PrecursorMonocytesMacrophageEPCs myeloid subtypeMature EC?CD14lowCD34lowCD133-Endothelial markers+Mesenchymal stem cellsC-kit-,CD34-Tissue-resident stem cellsC-kit+EPCs DevelopmentMolecular Mechani
4、sms Transcription factor SCL/Tal 是参与原血干细胞分化的基本的转录因子。是参与原血干细胞分化的基本的转录因子。A basic helix-loop-helix transcription factor 小鼠小鼠SCL基因无效突变的纯合子引起死亡基因无效突变的纯合子引起死亡 表现为卵黄囊毛细血管内皮形成障碍、表现为卵黄囊毛细血管内皮形成障碍、早期造血不能发育早期造血不能发育 VEGFR and VEGF Receptor VEGFR-1(flt-1)VEGFR-2(flk-1/KDR)VEGFR-3(flt-4)Ligand VEGF、VEGF-B,C,D,EEP
5、Cs Development VEGFR and VEGF 研究显示研究显示VEGFR2缺陷鼠在缺陷鼠在 E8.5E9.5时因缺乏时因缺乏 内皮和造血细胞而死亡内皮和造血细胞而死亡。Flk1-/-的胚胎干细胞离体不能分化为的胚胎干细胞离体不能分化为EPC。胚胎干细胞向内皮细胞分化对胚胎干细胞向内皮细胞分化对VEGF呈剂量依赖性,呈剂量依赖性,VEGF浓度增加可增加原血干细胞向浓度增加可增加原血干细胞向EPC转化,转化,而而 相应减少造血干细胞的生成。相应减少造血干细胞的生成。VEGFR1纯合突变鼠也因内皮细胞不能形成管样结纯合突变鼠也因内皮细胞不能形成管样结 构而使胚胎在构而使胚胎在E9.5E
6、10死亡。死亡。VEGF是唯一已知的在胚胎杂合子状态致死的常染色体基因。是唯一已知的在胚胎杂合子状态致死的常染色体基因。Tie receptor and ligand:受体酪氨酸激酶家族:受体酪氨酸激酶家族 receptor Tie-1(Tie)Tie-2(Tek)Tie-2 ligand:Angiopoietin(Ang,血管生成素血管生成素)Ang-1:血管内皮化:血管内皮化 Ang-2:血管周围细胞和内皮细胞分离:血管周围细胞和内皮细胞分离EPCs Development Tie receptor and ligand:受体酪氨酸激酶家族:受体酪氨酸激酶家族 Tie-2缺陷的胚胎不能建立
7、血管结构的完整性缺陷的胚胎不能建立血管结构的完整性 Ang-1缺陷鼠也表现为血管生成缺陷缺陷鼠也表现为血管生成缺陷EPCs Development Ephs family Erythropoietin producing hepatocyte receptor(Eph)Ligand:ephrins(Eph A、B)Eph B可调节可调节 Ang-1 和和 Tie-2的表达的表达EPCs Development促红细胞生成素肝细胞受体及其配体,促红细胞生成素肝细胞受体及其配体,是酪氨酸激酶家族中的最大成员。是酪氨酸激酶家族中的最大成员。基因缺失及体外血管形成实验表明:基因缺失及体外血管形成实验表
8、明:EphBEphB和和ephrinBephrinB在胚胎血管分化及成人在胚胎血管分化及成人病理性血管形成中发挥重要作用。病理性血管形成中发挥重要作用。CD34+,Flk-1+CD34+,Flk-1+,AC133+CD34+CD34+,Flk-1+,AC133-Stem cellEPCHSCEPC,EC,HSCCirculatingEPC,ECEPCECCD34-selected culture-dish non-adherent putative EPC(CDNAC)change to a more mature endothelial phenotype during differenti
9、ation while the progenitor phenotype remains stable and the monocytic phenotype decreases.CD34-selected putative EPC from culture-dish adherent cells(CDAC)express lower levels of endothelial and progenitor markers than CDNAC.VEGFR-2/Flk-1+CD31+/Tie-2+VE-Cadeherin+/Tie-1+AC133+AC133-CD34+/VEGFR-2+cel
10、ls can behave as EPCs.CD133+/CD34+/VEGFR-2+cells represent a more primitive EPC.Putative EPCs take up acetylated low density lipoprotein(Ac-LDL)and bind the endothelial specific lectin UEA-1.Mobilization of EPCsDetermined by local microenvironment(stem cell niche)FibroblastsOsteoblastsEndothelial ce
11、llsStromal cellsMobilization of EPCsStromal cellsStem cellsMobilizing cytokinesVEGF,SDF-1,G-CSF,EPOStatins,estrogen,exercisehamperTransendothelial migrationElastase,Cathepsin,MMPsBlood circulatingChemotaxis,Migration and Invasion SDF-1 VEGF Adhesion Integrin SelectinDifferentiation VEGFSDF-1:stromal
12、 cell-derived factor-1 EPCs were originally thought to be present only during embryonic development.Evidence accumulating over several years suggests that they can persist in adult life.This has generated interest in the use of EPCs for neovascularization of ischemic or injured tissue and for the cl
13、inical assessment of risk factors for various diseases.EPCTumor angiogenesisIschemic vasculogenesis/Wound healingVascular homeostasis Embryo vascular network expand Revascularizationv Angiogenesis v Vasculogenesis 血管血管发生发生/生成生成血管血管生成生成/新生新生/增生增生 不但是正常生理变化中不但是正常生理变化中(如生长、伤口愈合如生长、伤口愈合)所必所必需有的过程,和肿瘤的发展
14、也有密切的关系。需有的过程,和肿瘤的发展也有密切的关系。v Angiogenesis a regulated process involving the proliferation,and migration of endothelial cells from adjacent pre-existing blood vessels.血管生成血管生成 指由已经存在的血管指由已经存在的血管成熟内皮细胞成熟内皮细胞通过局部芽生或通过局部芽生或套叠的形式生成新的毛细血管,是血管套叠的形式生成新的毛细血管,是血管从少到多从少到多的的过程,是血管新生的过程,是血管新生的经典理论经典理论。v Vasculo
15、genesis a regulated process following differentiation of endothelial progenitor cells from mesodermal precursors/endothelial progenitor cells(EPCs)血管发生血管发生 这种方式最早发生在胚胎期的血管生成,直接由这种方式最早发生在胚胎期的血管生成,直接由EPCs或更早来源的血管母细胞或更早来源的血管母细胞(angioblast)长成,长成,是血管是血管从无到有从无到有的过程。最近证据表明,的过程。最近证据表明,EPCs参参与的血管发生亦参与了出生后机体局
16、部缺血组织与的血管发生亦参与了出生后机体局部缺血组织的修复。的修复。Vasculogenesis和和Angiogenesis是血管发育过是血管发育过程中的两个阶段,但在中文翻译时出现了意思程中的两个阶段,但在中文翻译时出现了意思重叠和相近、不便于区别的问题。重叠和相近、不便于区别的问题。传传 统统Angiogenesis主要是主要是EC迁移增殖参与的,迁移增殖参与的,vasculogenesis在胚胎期和生后均存在,主要依靠在胚胎期和生后均存在,主要依靠EPC分化增殖参与。分化增殖参与。现现 在在1997年,年,Angiogenesis概念被打破,概念被打破,Asahara等证实除等证实除有有EC迁移增殖参与,还有迁移增殖参与,还有EPC的参与。的参与。Decrease of endothelial progenitor cells in the blood is a risk factor for vascular disease.Depletion or senescence of endothelial progenitor cells may contribute to blo