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1、November 2021Contributing authors:Assem Dandashly, Nothando Maphalala and Akm UnverJOINTAjoined-upUnion,astrongerEuropeJOINTResearchPapersNo.3RegionalFragmentationandEUForeignandSecurityPolicyAgnesLevalloisThisprojecthasreceivedfundingfromtheEuropeanUnionsHorizon2020researchandinnovationprogrammeund
2、ergrantagreementN.959143.Thispublicationreflectsonlytheviewoftheauthor(s)andtheEuropeanCommissionisnotresponsibleforanyusethatmaybemadeoftheinformationitcontains.RegionalFragmentationandEUForeignandSecurityPolicyLeadauthor:AgnesLevalloisContributingauthors:AssemDandashly,NothandoMaphalalaandAkmUnver
3、*AbstractThereisbroadacademicconsensusonthefactthatthefragmentationofregionspresentsasignificantchallengefortheEU.Fragmentationunderminestheauthorityofcentralstates,theEU,smostnaturalcounterparts,anddistributesitamongstagreatnumberofactors-includingnon-statearmedgroups.Toaddressfragmentation,theEUsh
4、ouldincreasecoordinationbetweenactors(EUinstitutionsandmemberstates),integrateactionsacrossdifferentpolicyareas(securityandnon-security,externalandinternal)andengagewithexternalplayers(multilateralorganisations,globalpowers,regionalandlocalactors).AgndsLevalloisisSeniorResearchFellowattheFoundationf
5、orStrategicResearch(FRS).AssemDandashlyisAssistantProfessorinPoliticalScienceatthePoliticalScienceDepartmentofMaastrichtUniversity(UM).NothandoMaphalalaisHeadofResearchattheInstituteforPeaceandSecurityStudies(IPSS)ofAddisAbabaUniversity.AkinUnverisAssistantProfessorofInternationalRelationsatKadirHas
6、University.TheauthorswouldliketothankHylkeDijkstrafromUM,RiccardoAlcaro,HeadofGlobalActorsattheIstitutoAffariInternazionali(IAI)andJOINTCoordinator,GiulioPugliese,SeniorAsiaFellowatIAIandJOINTAssistantCoordinator,andLaurianeHeaufromFRSforprovidingfeedbackandreviewingthetext.IntroductionOverthepastfe
7、wyears,scholarsofInternationalRelationshavebeenincreasinglystudyingstatesthatlackcertainelementsofsovereignty,suchasufailedstates,uweakstates,collapsedstates,statesaffectedby,1imitedstatehoodOrcontestedstatehood,andunrecognisedstatesn.Overthepastfewyears,thenumberofcountriesthatfallintooneofthesecat
8、egoriesofstateshasincreased-especiallyinareassurroundingtheEuropeanUnion(EU)(eastandsouth).ThisliteraturereviewprovideabetterunderstandingofthephenomenonofregionalfragmentationanditsimpactonEUforeignandsecuritypolicy.Specifically,itanswersthefollowingquestion:accordingtotheexistingliterature,howdoes
9、increasingregionalfragmentationaffecttheabilityoftheEUanditsmemberstatestodevelop,articulateandimplementcommonactiononcrisesandconflicts?Thisworkestablishesaconceptualbackground,highlightingtheconnectionbetweenthefragmentationofregionsandthe(in)abilityoftheEUanditsmemberstatestoformulateandimplement
10、common(oratleastcoordinated)actions.Thereviewstartsbyprovidingabriefdefinitionofregionalfragmentation.Thisisfollowedbyadiscussionofthemultiplelevelsatwhichittakesplace.Thenextsectionfocusesonthedriversandtheactorsoffragmentation.Lastly,thepaperconsiderstheimpactoffragmentationontheEU,sabilitytoaddre
11、sscrisesandconflict.ThefinalsectionconcludeswiththemainfindingsoftheliteratureonregionalfragmentationanditsimpactontheEU.1. TheconceptofregionalfragmentationFragmentationhasbeenconceptualisedindifferentacademicdisciplines,andmanydefinitionsoftheconcepthaveemergedasaresult.InthefieldsofGeography1 Tho
12、masRisse1wGovernanceConfigurationsinAreasofLimitedStatehood.Actors,Modes,Institutions,andResources*,inSFB-GovernanceWorkingPapers,No.32(April2012),https7www.sfb-governance.de/en/publikationen/sfb-700-working_papers/wp32/index.html;ThomasRisse,GovernanceunderLimitedSovereigntyw,inMarthaFinnemoreandJu
13、dithGoldstein(eds),BacktoBasics.StatePowerinaContemporaryWorld,Oxford,OxfordUniversityPress,2013,p.78-104;RobertI.Rotberg(ed.),WhenStatesFail.CausesandConsequences,Princeton,PrincetonUniversityPress,2004;RosaEhrenreichBrooks,TailedStates,ortheStateasFailure?0,inTheUniversityofChicagoLawReview,Vol.72
14、,No.4(Fall2005),p.1159-1196,https:/scholarship.law.georgetown.edU/facpub/1108.andEconomics,forinstance,fragmentationhasbeenconceivedastheweakeningoftheelementsformingasystem:thediscontinuity,rupture,andisolationofspaces.ThisdefinitionisalsovalidinPoliticalScienceandSociology,insofarasthespacessubjec
15、tedtodiscontinuity,ruptureandisolationareunderstoodaspoliticalspaces,namelyspacesthecontrolofwhichisputativelyinthehandsofthestate.Whilevalid,thisdefinitionisinsufficient,asitdoesnottakeaccountoftheprocessbywhichinstitutionssystemserode.Fragmentationrelatestothephenomenonofamultiplicationofactors,af
16、fectinggoals,modalities,andinstrumentsofgovernanceConsequently,somescholarshaveattemptedamorecomprehensiveconceptualisationoffragmentationbytheidentificationofthreedimensions:uthenumberoforganizationsinamovement;thedegreeofinstitutionalizationacrosstheseorganizationsandthedistributionofpoweramongthem,.3Forthepurposeofthisliteraturereview,inwhichwefocusonregionsaffectedbycrisesandconflict,weunderstandfragmentationastheprocessbyw
