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1、Dangercanalwaysbepresentinatanker.Mostoftheriskisremovedbythedesigner.Whatriskremainscanonlybeavoidedbytakingcare.Thiscaremustbetakenbyeverybodyaboardtheship.You.Tobeabletoavoidrisksyoumustknowwhattheyare.Thisbookletwarnsyouoftherisks.Itexplainshowtheycanarise.Itinstructshowtheycanbeavoided.Byyou.Te
2、rmsareexplainedasWegoalong.Ifyoualreadyunderstandtheterms,pleasebepatient-yourshipmatemaynot.SAFETYIIMOILTANKERSPublished in 1973 and revised in 1978 byTHE INTERNATIONAL CHAMBER OF SHIPPINGInthisbookletpetroleummeanscrudeoilorproductsmadefromit.Petroleumcanbehandledsafely.Careisabsolutelynecessaryth
3、roughoutthewholeoperation.Tobeabletoexercisecareyouneedtoknowsomethingaboutpetroleum.Thecharacteristicsofanysubstancewhichdeterminehowitwillbehaveundervariousconditionsareknownasthepropertiesofthesubstance.Weshalldealwithsomeofthepropertiesofpetroleum.EvaporationAllliquidscanchange-orbechangedintova
4、pour.Theprocessofchangingintovapouriscalledevaporation.ItisusualtorefertosuchVapourvapoursasgases.Petroleumformspetroleumvapour.BurningLiquidpetroleumdoesnotburn.Itispetroleumvapourthatburns.Dangerincreasesaccordingtohowreadilyaproductevaporates.Thelowerthetemperatureatwhichapetroleumcanevaporate,th
5、emoredangerousitis.Mixtures,Apetroleumvapourcanonlyburnifitismixedwithoxygen.Oxygenisanimportantpartoftheairaroundus.WhenwerefertoamixtureinthisbookletWenormallymeanamixtureofpetroleumvapourandair.FlammableYouwillrecognisethewordflameinflammable.Flammablemeanscapableofbeingsetonfire.Amixturewhichcan
6、besetonfireisaVflammablemixture.Flammable1.imitsItispossibletohaveamixturecontainingsolittleorsomuchpetroleumvapourthatitcannotburn.Mixturesthathavereachedthesestrengthshavereachedtheflammablelimits.J.FlammableRangeBetweentheseflammablelimitsthereliesaquitenarrowrangeofmixtureswhichareflammable.This
7、isknownastheflammablerange.Flammablelimitsandflammablerangearesometimesreferredtoastheexplosivelimitsandexplosiverange.Mostsubstanceswhenheatedexpand.Evaporationcausesrapidexpansion.Burningofthevapourcausesheatingandevengreaterexpansion.Iftheexpansionisconfinedpressuremayincreasestillfurther.EXPLOSI
8、ON,FlashpointThelowesttemperatureatwhichaliquidgivesoffenoughvapourtoformaflammablemixtureiscalleditsflashpoint.Someproductsevaporateveryrapidly.Theyproduceplentyofgasatnormalpressuresandtemperatures.Gasolineisanobviousexample.Vapourisnearlyalwayspresent.Ahotenoughsparkwillsetitonfire.Awordweshallus
9、einsteadofsetonfireisignite.Volatile1.iquidswhichevaporatereadilyareknownasvolatileliquids.Anypetroleumwithaflashpointbelow60C(140F)isclassedasvolatile.Spentrefinerywaste-spentcausticsodaforexample-maycontainvolatilepetroleum.Non-volatileSomeotherpetroleumevaporateslessrapidly.ThosewithaflashpointOf
10、60C(1400F)oroverareclassedasnon-volatile.Gasoilanddieseloilaretwoexamples.PetroleummistPetroleumsprayedfromaleakingpumporpipemayformamistofdroplets.SmokingSmoking in bedLightersMatchesTorchesDomestic equipmentFlammablemixturesmaybewhereyouleastexpectthem.Theyareeasilyignited.Sparkscansetthemoff.Smok
11、ingcanbeverydangerous.Secretsmokingismoredangerousthancontrolledsmoking.Theremaybeflammablegasinatoilet(forinstance).Gasmayhavebeendrawnintotheventilationsystem.Acraftysmokecouldbedisastrous.Smokinginbedisfoolishanywhere.Itisdangerousinanyship.Itcanbedisastrousinatanker.Ifacigarettelighterfallsitmay
12、operate.Nonsafetymatchesareamenace.Evensafetymatchesmalightaccidently.Ordinaryhandtorches(flashlights)spark.Domesticequipmentwhichcanigniteflammablevapoursinclude- shavers radios electriccookingappliancesIfacigarettelighterfalls,itmayoperate.pagefourObeyALLinstructionsaboutsmoking.Thecaptainwillsayw
13、heresmokingisallowed.ONLYSMOKEWHERESMOKINGISALLOWED.Insomeportsthelocalauthoritiesprohibitsmokinganywhereintheship.Thereareheavypenaltiesforbreachesoftheseregulations.NEVERSMOKEINBEDIfyouareallowedacigarettelighteronboard keepitinyourcabinKeepo-safetymatchesawayfromtankers.Keepallmatchesawayfromarea
14、swhereyouarenotallowedtosmoke.Useonlyspecialtorches(flashlights)issuedonboard.Keepyourelectricshaverandradioinyourcabin.Ifthereisanypossibilityofflammablevapourenteringgalleysoraccommodation donotuseelectricalappliancesNeversmokeinbed!Metal tools could cause sparks by being dropped.AluminiumIfalumin
15、iumoroneofitsalloysisknockedagainstrusttheremaybeaflashofheat.Theheatcanbeenoughtoigniteaflammablemixture.AluminiumAluminiumpaintoverrustmaybejustasdangerous.paintIfthatisstruckorrubbedthesameheatmaybegenerated.RubbishDirtywaste,rags,sawdustandotherrubbishisdangerousifleftlyingabout.Heatmaybegeneratedwithinbundlesofrubbish.Theheatmaybeenoughtoigniteflammablemixtures.Itmaybecomehotenoughtosetitselfonfire.Theriskisincreasedifmaterialisleftnearsteampipes.CathodicSomeshipstanksarefittedwithcathodicprotection.Thisisamethodprotectionofcont
