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1、TheRenaissanceHistoricalbackground:Thebreakingupoffeudalrelationsandtheestablishingofthefoundationsofcapitalism;Theenclosure;thewaroftheRoses：thestrengtheningoftheabsolutemonarchy;theriseofthebourgeoisie;thedefeatoftheSpanishArmada.Newsocialandeconomicconditionsbroughtaboutgreatchangesinthedevelopme
2、ntofscienceandart.Sowiththestrengtheningofnewbourgeoisnationalstate,thisperiodismarkedbyaflourishingofnationalcultureknownastheRenaissance.Renaissance:rebith,revivalofclassical(GreekandRoman)arts,iteratureandsciencesbetween14andmid17,centuriesinEurope,thegreatestageofhumanaccomplishments.Twostriking
3、featuresoftheRenaissance1) Athirstingcuriosityfortheclassicalliterature;2) Thekeeninterestintheactivitiesofhumanity(PeopleceasedtolookuponthemselvesaslivingonlyforGodandafutureworldandturnedtoadmirationforhumanbeautyandhumanachievement);Renaissancemarksthetransitionfrommedieval1.omodernworld,fromfeu
4、daltocapitalist,fromreligioustosecularsociety.InthisperiodtheEuropeanhumanistthinkersandscholarsmadeattemptstoabolisholdfeudalideasinmedievalEUrOr)C(thechurch-centeredculturcwhichwerecharacterizedbyGod-centeredness,otherworldlinessandasceticism.)andtointroducenewideasoftherisingbourgeoisie(humanism,
5、theman-centeredcultureinwhichmanisthemeasureofallthings.),andtocarryOUrreligiousreformation.RenaissancedidnotbegintoshowitseffectinEnglandunti1thereignofHenryVIII(1509-1547)owingtoEnglandSseparationfromtheContinentanditsdomesticunrest.EncouragedbyHenryVIII,theOxfordreformers,scholarsandhumanistsintr
6、oducedclassicalliteraturetoEngland.Educationwasrevitalizedandliteraturebecamemorepopular.Fromthebeginningofthe16c,theEnglishRenaissancewiInessedthebriskdevelopmentof1iterature:thetranslationofancientEnglish,ItalianandFrenchworks,aswellasclassicalworksofGreeceandRome;booksofdiscoveriesandadventures;t
7、hefloweringofsonnets：thehighestgloryoftheEnglishrenaissanceisitsdrama(theElizabethandrama).ThiswasEngland,sgoldenageinliterature.ThereappearedmanyliterarygiantssuchasShakespeare,Spenser,Jonson,Sidney,Marlowe,BaconandDonne.Huaanism:TheRenaissancewasmarkedbythespreadofhumanism,thekeynote(thegreatspiri
8、t)ofRenaissance.ItsprangasaresultofrediscoveryandrestudyoftheGreekandRomancivilizationwhichisbasedontheconceptionthatthemanisthemeasureofallthings,thenum-centeredculture.11standsfordevotiontothehumanevaluesrepresentedinclassical1iterature.WhilethemedievalCatholicteachings(thechurch-centeredculture)w
9、erecharacterizedbyGod-centeredness,Otherworldlinessandasceticism,theRenaissancehumanistsemphasizedthedignityofhumanbeingsandtheimportanceofthepresentlife：theybelievedhumanbeingsweregloriouscreatures;mancan1iveahappyandmeaningful1ifeonearth;mancanimprovehisconditionwitheffortandchangetheworldaccordin
10、gtohisdesire.Manhastherighttopursuepersonahappiness,knowledgeandwealth.Humanismhelpedtocivilizeman,tomakehimrealizehispotentialpowersandgifts.Itcontributedagreatdealtotheprogressofhumansociety.Itrepresentedthenewideasoftherisingbourgeoisie.ThomasMore,MarloweandShakespearearethebestrepresentativesoft
11、heEnglishhumanists.Thehumanisticideasandbeliefpermeatedthe1iteratureofthisperiod.ChristopherMarIowethegreatestofthepioneersofEnglishdramaI. 1.iteraryachievement:blankverse（unrhymediambicpentameter）II. Artisticallimitations:III. Majorplays:TamburIaine（贴木耳大帝）TheJewofMalta（马尔他岛的犹太人）DoctorusSs（浮土德博士）Wil
12、liaMShakeSPeare（1564-1616）1.ifeWorksDuringhis22yearsof1iterarycareerheproduced37plays,Twonarrativepoems,154sonnets.DramaticcareerThefirstperiodEarlyperiod（1590-1594）2historicalplays:HenryVI（亨利六世）RichardIII（理查德三世），4comedies:TheComedyofErrors（错误的喜剧）（错中错）TheTwoGentlemenofVerona（维洛那二绅士）TheTHmingoftheShr
13、ew（训悍记）1.ove,s1.abour,s1.ost（爱的徒劳）1tragedy:RomeoandJulietThesecondperiodmatureperiod（1595-1600）Aperiodofgreatcomediesandmaturehistoricalplays6comedies:AMidsummerNight,sDream（仲星夜之梦）TheMerchantofVenice（威尼斯商人）TheMerryIfivesofWindsor（温莎的风流娘儿们）MuchAdoaboutNothing（无事生非）AsYou1.ikeIt（皆大高兴）TwelfthNight（第十二夜）
14、5historicalplays:RichardIIHenryIV（PartSIand2）HenryVKingJohn1Romantragedy:JUIiUSCaesar（尤利乌斯恺撒）（3）ThethirdperiodFlourishingperiod（Tragicperiod）（1601-1607）Aperiodofgreattragediesanddarkcornedies5tragedies:Hamlet,Othello,King1.ear,Macbeth,TimonofAthens3comedies:TroiIusand曲（特洛伊洛斯及克瑞西达）A1sWellThat胡曲股（终成眷属
15、）MeasureforMeasure（一报还一报）2RomanTragedies:AntonyandCleopatra（安东尼和克莉奥佩特拉）Coriolanus（科里奥拉鲁斯）Thefourthperiod1.ateperiod（1608-1612）4romanticdrama（romancesortragicornedies）:Theseplaysportrayawiderangeoftragiceventsanddifficultconditions,buttheyal1endinreconci1iationandreunion.Pericles（佩里克利斯），6y血?0/。（辛白林）T
16、heTempest（暴风雨），TheWinter,sTale（冬天的故事）1 historicalplay:HenryVIIIFourgreatcomediesAMidsummerNight,SDream（仲夏夜之梦）TheMerchantofVenice（威尼斯商人）AsYou1.ikeIt（皆大高兴）TwelfthNight（第十二夜）FourgreattragediesHamlet,Othello,King1.ear,Macbeth,TragedyClassicaltragedians:AeSChyIUS（埃斯库罗斯/eywe/eus8ou川，Sophocles（索福克勒斯OcdipusTyrannus）,Euripiles（欧里庇得斯）Thetr
