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1、Chapter 3 International Cargo TransportationIntroductionThe transportation of goods, in international trade, is one of the most important steps. This is because in international trade where an exporter and an importer are always far apart, the goods under the contract have to go a long distance and
2、sometimes changes several carriers in transit before they reach the importer. In international business, it is one of the basic tasks for the exporter to deliver the goods to the buyer or carrier or agreed conveyance after the contract has been signed, according to the stipulated time, and transport
3、 methods in the contract.Methods of the DeliveryAs to the methods of delivery in international practice, there are many methods to deliver the goods purchased, such as ocean transport, railway transport, air transport, river and lake transport, postal transport, road transport, pipelines transport,
4、land bridge transport and international multimode transport and so on. The buyer and seller can decide which method will be the best for goods to be transported according for goods characteristics, quantity ,transit journey, value, time, the natural conditions and so on.1 Ocean TransportOcean transp
5、ort is the most widely used form of transportations in international trade. It has the attraction of being a cheap mode of transport for delivering large quantities of goods over long distance. So far as foreign trade is concerned, goods transport is mostly (over 80% of world trade in volume terms)
6、done by ocean vessel.1 Ocean Transport1. The Characteristics of Ocean TransportEasy PassageLarge CapacityLow CostGood Adaptability1 Ocean Transport2. Ocean Transport1) Liner transport(1)Characteristics of LinerA liner is a passenger or cargo vessel that operates over a regular rout according to an a
7、dvertised time-table. 1 Ocean TransportFixed rout, ports, schedule and relatively fixed freight.Loading and unloading charges included in freight.Good service.Simple procedures.Ideal for cargo of small quantity.Some Famous Shipping CompaniesMAERSK SEALAND马士基海陆有限公司MSC地中海航运公司EVERGREEN长荣海运股份有限公司COSCO中国
8、远洋集装箱运输有限公司（中外集运）CSCL 中海集装箱运输股份有限公司（中海集运）MAERSK SEALANDMSCEVERGREENCOSCO1 Ocean Transport(2)Freight of LinersFreight = Basic freight + SurchargesThe basic standards for calculating freight are stipulated as follows:W WM MA.V.A.V.W/MW/M or A.V.W/M plus A.V.Per Unit; Per Head.1 Ocean TransportThe main
9、 surcharges are shown as follows:Heavy lift additional 超重附加费Long length surcharge 超长附加费Direct additional 直航附加费Transshipment surcharge 转船附加费Port congestion surcharge 港口拥挤费Port surcharge 港口附加费Deviation surcharge 绕航附加费Bunker surcharge or bunker adjustment factor(BAF) 燃料附加费Ice surcharge 冷冻附加费Cleaning ta
10、nk surcharge 熏舱附加费1 Ocean Transport(3) Calculation of liner freightTranslate the English name of the commodity, find out the freight standard of calculating or the freight grade.Find out the basic freight rate in the route freight tariff according to the grades and purpose sea route, then the relati
11、ve surcharges for the suitable route and basic port.The basic freight rate plus various additional surcharges is the freight per freight ton.1 Ocean Transport2) Charter transportShipping by chartering is also called tramp. A shipping by chartering is a freight-carrying vessel which has no regular ro
12、ute or fixed schedule of sailing. It is first in one trade and then in another, always seeking those ports where a demand is at the moment for shipping space.It falls into three kinds: voyage charter, time charter and demise charter.2 Ocean Transport Documents1. Ocean Bill of Lading1) The concept of
13、 B/LB/L is a document given by a shipping company, representing both a receipt for the goods shipped and contract for shipment between the shipping company and the shipper. It is also a document of title to the goods, giving the holder or the assignee the right of possession.2 Ocean Transport Docume
14、nts2) The contents of B/L(1) The contents on obverse side of B/L(2) The content on reverse side of B/L2 Ocean Transport Documents3) The classification of B/L(1) On board B/L and received for shipment B/LA shipped on board B/L is evidence that the goods have been loaded on board a certain steamer.Acc
15、ording to general foreign trade practices, only the shipped on board B/L is accepted by banks for payment under a L/C.2 Ocean Transport Documents(2) Clean B/L and unclean B/LAccording to whether there are notes on the B/L, it falls into two kinds: clean B/L and unclean B/L.A clean B/L shows that the
16、 goods have been shipped on board, in apparent good order and condition, and there is no modification of the ship-owner.2 Ocean Transport DocumentsUnclean B/L is generally marked “insufficiently packed”, “covers old and stained”, “wet by rain”, “ packed in damaged condition”, “unclean”, “foul”, etc. There are many recurring types of such clauses including inadequate packaging, unprotected machinery, wet or stained cartons, damaged crates, etc. This type of B/L is usually unacceptable to a bank.2
