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1、English Teaching MethodologyWeek 1 Language and language learningLearning objectivesnKnow three views of languagenUnderstand four theories about language learning and their differencesnIdentify the qualities of a good language teachernComprehend three stages of becoming a good language teacherOutlin
2、e $What makes a good language teacher$Views on language learning$Views on language$How can one become a good language teacherDiscussion:nWhat is language?Views on languageStructural viewFunctional viewInteractional view Language is a linguistic system made up of various subsystems.It is a system of
3、structures, which involves structural learning, formal instruction of grammatical structures.The structural view System of Language3 sub-systemsSounds(Phonology)Words(morphology)Grammar (syntax)The structural viewlIt sees language as a linguistic system but also a means for doing things (i.e. commun
4、ication)lInstruction focuses on the functions and notions of language; learning through using.The functional viewFunctionsnTime nSpace nn NotionsnSuggestion nAdvising nOfferingnApologizingnComplainingnThreatening lLanguage is the reflection of cultures, a communicative tool to build up and maintain
5、social relations between peoplelInstruction on cultures and focus on appropriateness of speech. The interactional viewQuestions:nHow is language learned?nWhat are the psycholinguistic and cognitive processes involved in language learning?Views on learningBehaviorist theoryCognitive theoryConstructiv
6、ist theorySocio-constructivist theoryViews on language learning(1)Behaviorist theory: Learning is a process of habit formation and conditioning.SkinnerLanguage teaching in USA: The Audio-Lingual Method (the “listen-and-repeat” drilling activities). Mistakes were immediately corrected.StimulusRespons
7、eReinforcementPositiveNegativeViews on language learning(1)The importance of environment Environment OrganismViews on language learning(2)Cognitive (Mentalist) theory: Language is not a form of behaviour. It is rule-based system and learning is a creative process in which Ss are asked to think rathe
8、r than simply repeat. Emphasizes mind consciousness.Chomsky (1928-, American linguist)Views on language learning(2)The importance of organism Environment OrganismThe impact of Chomskys theory on language teachingCognitive code approach: based on the belief that language learning is a process which i
9、nvolves active mental processes and not simply the forming of habits. It gives importance to the learners active part in the process of using and learning rules. Although it has not led to any particular method of language teaching, the Communicative Approach makes some use of cognitive code princip
10、les. (Richards, et al. 2000: 74)Views on language learning(3)Constructivist theory: Learning is a process in which the learner constructs meaning based oh his/her own experiences and what he/she already knows.John Dewey (1859-1952, America)Teaching should be built based on what learners already knew
11、 and engage learners in learning activities.Views on language learning(4)Socio-constructivist theory Emphasizes interaction & engagement with the TL in a social context based on Zone of Proximal Development (ZPD). 教学必须要考虑学习者已达到的水平并要走在学习者发展的前面，为此就要确定学习者的发展水平。学习者发展有两种水平：一是现有的发展水平，二是在有指导的情况下借助外界的帮助可以达到
12、的解决问题的水平，或是借助于他人的启发帮助可以达到的较高水平。这两者之间的差距，即学习者现有水平与经过他人帮助可以达到的较高水平之间的差距，就是“最近发展区”或称为“邻近发展区”，而有效的学习应该是在学习过程中，让学习者始终保持在“最近发展区”中活动。Learning is best achieved through the dynamic interaction btwn the T & the learner & btwn learners.Vygostsky (Soviet, 18961934) Views How Ss learn languageBehaviorist theoryS
13、kinnerLearning : process of habit formation & conditioning.Language is learned by repetition and the reinforcement of the TCognitive theoryChomskyLearning : creative process , Ss are asked to thinkSs: allow to create their own sentences based on their understanding of certain rules.Constructivist th
14、eoryDeweyLearning : process in which the learner constructs meaning based oh his/her own experiences and what he/she already knowsTeaching should be built based on what learners already knew and engage learners in learning activities.Socio-constructivist theoryVygotskyEmphasizes interaction & engage
15、ment with the TL in a social context based on Zone of Proximal Development (ZPD).Learning is best achieved through the dynamic interaction between the T & the learner & between learners.Discussion:nWhat is a teacher?nWhat is teaching?nWhat is learning ?nWhat makes a good language teacher?nHow can on
16、e become a good language teacher?Three people in a group, one must be my teacher.My teacher for a day is a partner for a lifetime.A teacher is the one who teaches the students morally, intellectually and dispels their doubts. Freaks, stinking number ninesEngineers of soul, candles, sculptorsThe learned make teachers, the upright set standards.A teacher is a guide, a facilitator.What is a teacher?What is teaching?A strict teacher produces talented students.Ten years to grow a tree, a hundred year
