《胸腔积液课件.ppt》由会员分享,可在线阅读,更多相关《胸腔积液课件.ppt(33页珍藏版)》请在第壹文秘上搜索。
1、 胸腔积液胸腔积液 pleural effusionDefinitionv 正常胸腔内有微量液体起润滑作用。其正常胸腔内有微量液体起润滑作用。其产生与吸收处于动态平衡。产生与吸收处于动态平衡。v 当产生增加或吸收减少,胸膜腔内液体当产生增加或吸收减少,胸膜腔内液体积聚,便形成积聚,便形成胸腔积液。胸腔积液。vGeneral Considerations:Pleural fluid is formed in the normal individual mostly on the parietal pleural surface at the rate of about 0.1mL/kg body
2、 weight/h.nAbsorption of fluid occurs mostly through visceral pleural capillaries,while protein is recovered through parietal pleural lymphatics.The resultant homeostasis leaves 5-15mL of fluid normally present in the pleural space.nThe five major types of pleural effusion are transudates,exudates,e
3、mpyema,hemorrhagic pleural effusion or hemothorax,and or chyliform effusion.胸腔积液产生与吸收的机制 胸腔内负压(5)胸腔内胶体渗透压(8 cm H2O)淋巴回流 毛细血管胶体渗透压 毛细血管静水压30cm H2O 34cm H2O 11cm H2O 壁层胸膜脏层胸膜 液体渗出压力梯度(5830)349cm H2O 液体再吸收压力梯度34(5811)10cm H2O 胸膜腔胸膜腔(体循环cap)(进入)(肺循环cap)(吸收)n壁层胸膜液体进入胸膜腔压力梯度:壁层胸膜液体进入胸膜腔压力梯度:9cmH9cmH2 2O O
4、n 毛细血管静水压毛细血管静水压 30cmH30cmH2 2O On 胸膜腔负压胸膜腔负压 5cmH5cmH2 2O On 胸膜腔胶体渗透压胸膜腔胶体渗透压 8cmH8cmH2 2O On 毛细血管胶体渗透压毛细血管胶体渗透压34cmH34cmH2 2O On脏层胸膜液体从胸膜腔回收压力梯度:脏层胸膜液体从胸膜腔回收压力梯度:10cmH10cmH2 2O On毛细血管静水压毛细血管静水压 11cmH11cmH2 2O On 胸膜腔负压胸膜腔负压 5cmH5cmH2 2O On 胸膜腔胶体渗透压胸膜腔胶体渗透压 8cmH8cmH2 2O On 毛细血管胶体渗透压毛细血管胶体渗透压34cmH34c
5、mH2 2O On 淋巴回流。淋巴回流。n胸腔积液的形成:胸腔积液的形成:n 上述胸液滤出和再吸收压力梯度失衡或胸膜面积变化上述胸液滤出和再吸收压力梯度失衡或胸膜面积变化n 淋巴管引流受影响淋巴管引流受影响【Pathogenesy】一、一、毛细血管静水压增高:充血性心衰、缩窄性毛细血管静水压增高:充血性心衰、缩窄性心包炎等心包炎等体循环或肺循环静水压增加。漏出液为主体循环或肺循环静水压增加。漏出液为主二、毛细血管通透性增加:胸膜炎症、胸膜肿瘤、二、毛细血管通透性增加:胸膜炎症、胸膜肿瘤、全身性疾病等。渗出液(胸水胶渗压升高)全身性疾病等。渗出液(胸水胶渗压升高)三、血浆胶体渗透压降低:低蛋白血
6、症:肝硬化、三、血浆胶体渗透压降低:低蛋白血症:肝硬化、肾病综合征。漏出液肾病综合征。漏出液四、淋巴管引流障碍:癌症淋巴管阻塞。渗出液四、淋巴管引流障碍:癌症淋巴管阻塞。渗出液五、损伤所致胸腔内出血:外伤,主五、损伤所致胸腔内出血:外伤,主A A瘤破裂;瘤破裂;血性、脓性、乳糜性均属渗出液。血性、脓性、乳糜性均属渗出液。n主要病因和积液性质:参见讲义 P144 表2131Essentials of DiagnosisnAsymptomatic in many cases;pleurtic chest pain if pleuritis is present;dyspnea if effusio
7、n is large.nDecreased tactile fremitus;dullness to percussion;distant breath sounds;egophony if effusion is large.nRadiographic evidence of pleural effusion.nDiagnostic findings on thoracentesis.【Clinical Manifestation】n症状症状n胸痛:大量积液时,气急加重,胸痛消失。胸痛:大量积液时,气急加重,胸痛消失。Pleuritic chest pain and dry coughPle
8、uritic chest pain and dry coughn呼吸困难:呼吸困难:300-500ml300-500ml Small pleural effusions are usually asymptomatic,Small pleural effusions are usually asymptomatic,whereas large pleural effusions may cause dyspneawhereas large pleural effusions may cause dyspnean体征体征(1):n气管移位:大量胸水可伴气管、纵隔移向健侧。气管移位:大量胸水可伴气
9、管、纵隔移向健侧。n呼吸动度减弱呼吸动度减弱n叩浊音,叩浊音,n呼吸音降低,胸膜摩擦音。呼吸音降低,胸膜摩擦音。n体征体征(2)Physical findings are absent if less than 200-300mL of pleural fluid is present.Signs consistent with a larger pleural effusion include decrease in tactile fremitus,dullness to percussion,and diminution of breath sounds over the effusio
10、n.n原发病的症状、体征原发病的症状、体征:结核中毒症状,结核中毒症状,恶液质,恶液质,体循环瘀血表现。体循环瘀血表现。影象诊断(影象诊断(imageimage)()(1 1)1、胸液胸液0.30.5L0.30.5L时,肋隔角变纯;时,肋隔角变纯;About 250mL of pleural fluid must be present before About 250mL of pleural fluid must be present before effusion can be detected on conventional erect effusion can be detected
11、on conventional erect posteroanterior chest radiograph.posteroanterior chest radiograph.2 2、更多的积液可见液性曲线(外高、内低的弧形上缘)、更多的积液可见液性曲线(外高、内低的弧形上缘),随体位变化。随体位变化。3 3、液气胸时可见液平面。、液气胸时可见液平面。4 4、局限性积液(包裹性胸腔积液):叶间积液、肺底积、局限性积液(包裹性胸腔积液):叶间积液、肺底积液。液。5、积液量的判断:积液量的判断:2 2、4 4前肋前肋影象诊断(影象诊断(imageimage)()(2 2)6 6、单侧大量积液:、单
12、侧大量积液:CaCa、TBTB、其他。、其他。Massive pleural effusion(opacification of an Massive pleural effusion(opacification of an entire hemithorax)is commonly caused by entire hemithorax)is commonly caused by cancer but has been observed in tuberculosis cancer but has been observed in tuberculosis and other disease
13、s.and other diseases.CT检查少量积液少量积液:CT scanning is sensitive in the detection of small amounts of pleural fluid.包裹性胸腔积液包裹性胸腔积液肺内、纵隔、胸膜的病变肺内、纵隔、胸膜的病变:如肺内肿瘤,胸膜间皮瘤等。超声检查:定位(用于局限性胸水或者粘连分隔胸水的诊治)、鉴别胸腔积液或胸膜肥厚 Ultrasound is useful to locate loculated or small effusions.【laboratory findings】Diagnostic thoracen
14、tesis should be performed whenever a pleural effusion is detected and no cause for the effusion is clinically apparent.常规检查:常规检查:v外观外观:淡黄色、草黄色、血性、黄脓性淡黄色、草黄色、血性、黄脓性 巧克力样乳白色、黑、绿色巧克力样乳白色、黑、绿色v细胞:细胞:红细胞:红细胞:白细胞:白细胞:项目项目 渗出液渗出液 漏出液漏出液 外观外观 深黄深黄、混浊、混浊、淡黄淡黄、透明透明 比重比重 1.018 30 0.5 0.6 200u/L 200u/L 生化检查生化检查
15、vpH:n结核性、肺炎并胸腔积液、类风湿结核性、肺炎并胸腔积液、类风湿7.30n脓胸脓胸7.0n肿瘤性、肿瘤性、SLE 7.35v蛋白质蛋白质:v葡萄糖:(胸液血糖)结核性、肺炎并胸腔积液、类风湿、少数肿瘤性结核性、肺炎并胸腔积液、类风湿、少数肿瘤性 、脓胸脓胸3.353.35,类风湿、脓胸可,类风湿、脓胸可1.101.10 肿瘤性、漏出液肿瘤性、漏出液 3.35mmol/L3.35mmol/Lv类脂:乳糜胸:甘油三脂乳糜胸:甘油三脂,苏丹三染色(苏丹三染色(+)外伤、肿瘤、寄生虫外伤、肿瘤、寄生虫胸导管压迫破裂所致胸导管压迫破裂所致假性乳糜胸:胆固醇假性乳糜胸:胆固醇 苏丹三染色(苏丹三染色
16、(-)见于结核性类风湿、癌性、肝硬化等见于结核性类风湿、癌性、肝硬化等酶学酶学vADA(腺苷脱氨酶):(腺苷脱氨酶):45 结核肺炎结核肺炎 ca性、风湿性性、风湿性80um/L,恶性恶性1015ug/L或胸液/血清CEA1,提示恶性胸水 CEA20ug/L,胸液/血CEA1诊断恶性胸水的敏感性和特异性均超过90。vCA(血清糖链肿瘤相关抗原):胸水中血清 CA50 20u/ml,考虑恶性胸水vCEA、CA50、CA125、CA19-9 等联合测试诊断恶性胸水,有利于提高敏感性和特异性。细胞学检查细胞学检查v瘤细胞:瘤细胞:恶性胸水约恶性胸水约4080可检出恶性细胞,多次可检出恶性细胞,多次检查可提高阳性率。检查可提高阳性率。vDNA:应用应用DNA流式细胞分析仪免疫组织化学分别检流式细胞分析仪免疫组织化学分别检出胸液中细胞出胸液中细胞DNA含量和恶性肿瘤细胞重要相含量和恶性肿瘤细胞重要相关抗原,用于诊断恶性胸水,与细胞学检查联关抗原,用于诊断恶性胸水,与细胞学检查联合可显著提高敏感性。合可显著提高敏感性。v间皮细胞:非结核性间皮细胞:非结核性5;结核性;结核性1%病原学检查病原学检查