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1、1. Chapter1Introduction2. 1.anguageisasystemofavocalsymbolsusedforhumancommunication,arbitrary3. Thedescriptionofalanguageasitchangesthroughisadstudy,diachronic4. 1.referstotheabstractlinguisticsystemsharedallthemembersofaspeechcommunity.Langue5. Thedesirefeaturesoflanguagearearbitrariness,duality,c
2、reativity,andd.displacement6. Thefunctionsoflanguageincludesinformative,interpersonal,performative,emotive,phatic,recreationalandm.metalingual7. Themainbranchesoflinguisticsshouldincludephonetics,phonology,morphology,syntax,sandpragmatics,semantics8. Thebranchesofmacrolinguisticshavepsycholinguistic
3、,sociolinguistics,alinguistics,andcomputationallinguistics,anthropological9. TheparadigmaticrelationisalsoknownastheVERTICALrelation,orcrelation.CHOICE1. TheSyntagmaticrelationisnowadaysalsoreferredtoastheHORIZONTALrelationorcrelation.CHAIN2. 1.inguisticsisgenerallydefinedasthe.scientificstudyoflang
4、uage3. Thestudyoflanguageasawholeisoftencalled.generallinguistics.4. Thestudyofusedinlinguisticcommunicationledtotheestablishmentofphonetics.Sounds5. Thestudyofisknownassemantics,meaning6. Psycholinguisticsrelatesthestudyoflanguageto.psychology7. Thestudyofisgenerallyknownasappliedlinguistics,applic
5、ations8. Ifalinguisticstudyaimstodescribeandanalyzethelanguagepeopleactuallyuse,itissaidtobe.descriptive9. Thedescriptionofalanguageatsomepointoftimeinisasynchronicstudythedescriptionofalanguageasitthroughtimeisadiachronic,history;changes10. Fromthepointofviewoflinguisticevolution,speechistowriting,
6、prior11. =referstotheabstractlinguisticsystemsharedbyallthememberofaspeechcommunity,andreferstotherealizationoflangueinactualuse.langue;parole12. 1.inguisticisdescriptivewhiletraditionalgrammaris.prescriptive13. Modernlinguisticregardsthelanguageasprimary,notthewritten,spoken14. Manyoftherulesoftrad
7、itionalgrammarapplyonlytothelanguage,written15. Whenthestudyofmeaningis,notinisolation,butinthecontextoflanguageuse,itbecomesanotherbranchoflinguisticstudycalledpragmatics,conducted16. Prescriptiveanddescriptiverepresenttwodifferentoflinguisticstudy.types21. Chomskydefines“competencef,astheidealuser
8、,skofthe22. rulesofhislanguage.23. 1.anguereferstothealinguisticsystemsharedbyallthemembersofaspeechcommunitywhiletheparoleistheconcreteuseoftheconventionsandapplicationoftherules.24. Disoneofthedesignfeaturesofhumanlanguagewhichrefersto25. thephenomenonthatlanguageconsistsoftwolevels:alowerlevelofm
9、eaninglessindividualsoundsandahigherlevelofmeaningfulunits.26. 1.anguageisasystemofavocalsymbolsusedforhumancommunication.27. Thedisciplinethatstudiestherulesgoverningtheformationofwordsintopermissiblesentencesinlanguagesiscalleds.28. Humancapacityforlanguagehasagbasis,butthedetailsoflanguagehavetob
10、etaughtandlearned.29. Preferstotherealizationoflangueinactualuse.30. Findingsinlinguisticstudiescanoftenbeappliedtothesettlementofsomepracticalproblems.Thestudyofsuchapplicationsisgenerallyknownasalinguistics.31. 1.anguageispinthatitmakespossibletheconstructionandinterpretationofnewsignalsbyitsusers
11、.Inotherwords,theycanproduceandunderstandaninfinitelylargenumberofsentenceswhichtheyhaveneverheardbefore.32. 1.inguisticsisgenerallydefinedasthesstudyoflanguage.33. knowledge22.abstract23.Duality24.arbitrary34. syntax26.genetic27.Parole28.applied29.productive30. scientific(orsystematic)Chapter2Speec
12、hsounds1. Ofthethreebranchesofphonetics,thelongestestablished,anduntilrecentlythemosthighlydeveloped,isaphonetics,articulatory2. Thefoursoundsp,/b/,/m/and/w/haveonefeatureincommon,i.e.,theyareallb.bilabial3. InEnglishthereareanumberofdfwhichareproducedbymovingfromonevowelpositiontoanotherthroughinte
13、rveningpositions,diphthongs4. Thedifferentphoneswhichcanrepresentaphonemeindifferentphoneticenvironmentsarecalledtheaofthatphoneme,allophones5. Themostelementalgrammaticalunitsinalanguagearem.morphemes6. Soundchangeasaresultofsoundmovement,knownasm,involvesareversalinpositionoftwoadjoiningsoundsegme
14、nts.metathesis7. Phoneticsisthestudyofsoundsanditcanbedividedintothreemainareas,whichareaphonetics,acousticphoneticsandauditoryphonetics.10. ThepresentsystemoftheIPA(InternationalphoneticAssociation)wasdevelopedinthe1920sbytheBritishphoneticianDanielJ,whoputforwardcardinalvowels,whichareasetofvowelq
15、ualitiesarbitrarilydefined,fixedandunchanging.Jones11. Theformationofnewpronunciationincludesfactorsasloss,addition,metathesisanda.assimilation12. Phonemictranscriptionsareplacedbetweenslantlineswhilephonetictranscriptionsareplacedbetweensbrackets,squarebrackets.13. Thereareusuallytwotermsofnumber:S
16、ingularandP.Plural14. Pisabranchoflinguisticsthatstudieshowspeechsoundsareproducedandclassified.phonetics1. Phoneticsisdefinedasthestudyoftheoflanguage;ifisconcernedwithallthesoundsthatoccurintheworldslanguage,phonicmedium2. Thethreebranchesofphoneticsare,auditoryphoneticsandacousticphoneticsrespectively,labeledarticulationphonetics3. Englishconsonantscan
