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1、儿童肱骨近端骨折proximal humerus fracture in children Vascular anatomy of the proximal humerus.1 Axillary artery.2 Posterior humeral circumfl ex artery.3 Anterior humeral circumfl ex artery.4 Lateral ascending branch of the anterior humeral circumfl ex artery.5 Greater tuberosity.6 Lesser tuberosity.7 Tendo
2、n insertion of the infraspinatus muscle.8 Tendon insertion of the teres minor muscle.When is reduction(non-operative and operative)required?oThe proximal physis contributes 80%of the length of the humerus.Due to the enormous remodelling potential,most of these injuries do not require reduction.There
3、 is no role for attempted reduction in the ED.oThe older child with greater deformity may be treated with closed reduction.This is controversial and there are no agreed figures to guide closed operative reduction.oApproximate indications are:o5-12 years-accept 60 degree angulation and 50%displacemen
4、to12 years-accept 30 degrees angulation and 30%displacementoIsolated greater tuberosity fractures with displacement in the adolescent are an exception group in which surgical reduction and fixation is usually required.Do I need to refer to orthopaedics now?oIndications for prompt referral to the ort
5、hopaedic on call service include:o50%displacement of the humeral head relative to the shaftoAngulation on the AP or lateral x-ray of 60 degrees in a child 30 degrees in a child 12 yearsoPathological fracture of the proximal humerusoAssociated injuries,i.e.brachial plexus injury,vascular injuryoIn as
6、sociation with other unilateral upper limb fracturesoMulti traumaElastic Stable Intramedullary NailsoMore recently proposed form of fixationoAvoid morbidity of percutaneous pinsnSoft tissue irritationnMigrationoRequires repeat anesthetic for removalESINTIPS&TECHNIQUES Orthopedics October 2012-Volume
7、 35 Issue 10:856-860o Centromedullary Manipulation and Stabilization of Completely Displaced Proximal Humerus Fractures in Adolescents。o 青少年肱骨近端完全移位骨折髓内操作和稳定。Figure 1:Anteroposterior radiograph of the shoulder showing the displaced fracture(A)and Y view radiograph of the proximal humerus showing 100
8、%anterior translation of the humeral shaft(B).Figure 2:Illustration of a patient positioned supine on a radiolucent table with the injured arm resting by the edge of the table.Approacho A 2-cm longitudinal skin incision is made over the lateral humeral supracondylar ridge with its center approximate
9、ly 3 cm above the tip of the lateral epicondyle(Figure 3).Blunt dissection through the subcutaneous fat followed by a sharp dissection in the interval between the brachioradialis(anterior)and triceps(posterior)is performed to expose the lateral supracondylar ridge.The periosteum over the supracondyl
10、ar ridge is divided longitudinally to expose the bony ridge.Figure 3:Entry point for the nail.Entry Pointo An entry hole is made on the ridge using a 2-mm drill bit.A drill guide should be used to prevent the drill bit from wandering off the ridge while drilling.A bone awl(Figure 4A)is then used to
11、enlarge this opening and direct it upward and medially toward the medullary canal of the humerus.o Figure 4:Bone awl for widening the entry point(A).Titanium elastic nail with its curved tip(B).Manual contouring of the nail(C).T-insertion handle with nail(D).(Images reprinted with permission from Sy
12、nthes Inc.)Nail Insertion,Reduction,and StabilizationFigure 5:Nail being advanced up the shaft(A).Nail twisted 180 toward the humeral head(B).Impaction of the nail into the humeral head(C).Nail twisted by 180 to achieve fracture reduction(D).Final position of the nail(E).Figure 5:Nail being advanced
13、 up the shaft(A).Nail twisted 180 toward the humeral head(B).Impaction of the nail into the humeral head(C).Nail twisted by 180 to achieve fracturereduction(D).Final position of the nail(E).oScreening under an image intensifier is performed to confirm rotational stability of the fracture.The distal
14、end of the nail is cut off with nail cutting pliers,leaving 1 cm of the nail proud of the bone.oWound ClosureoThe elbow wound is sutured with 3.0 undyed subcuticular Vicryl suture(Ethicon,Inc,Somerville,New Jersey),and a waterproof dressing is applied.oPostoperative CareoThe arm is placed in a colla
15、r and cuff for 2 weeks postoperatively,and the extremity is mobilized at this stage.The patient is followed up at regular intervals(2,4,8,16,and 24 weeks)with repeat radiographs to assess fracture healing and shoulder function.oMetal RemovaloMetal removal is performed at approximately 16 weeks,once
16、the fracture has fully healed and is consolidating.It requires another general anaesthetic and involves incision of the previous scar,exploration of the distal nail end by sharp dissection,and extraction of the nail with a mole wrench or an extraction device engaged on the exposed nail.oResultsoIn the current patients,repeat radiographs performed at 2 and 4 weeks confirmed satisfactory position of the fractures,and radiographs at 2 months showed healing of all the fractures.At 2-month follow-up,
