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1、从休克临床病例说起血流动力学监测与支持:可圈、可点您期望获得哪些信息?监测与支持的目标导向实现目标的过程与理解结论:共性基础上的个性治疗病 史患者李XX,女性,71岁,体重55 Kg主诉:肛门停止排气排便4天,腹痛1+天现病史:n入院前4天患者无明显诱因出现肛门停止排气排便,逐渐出现腹胀,不伴腹痛,无畏寒发热等不适n1+天前患者进食后出现腹痛腹胀,伴发热,恶心、呕吐,至当地医院就诊,行腹部CT示肠梗阻可能,给予胃肠减压等对症支持治疗,病情未好转,尿少n为进一步治疗来院急诊,以“腹痛待查:肠梗阻”收住入院病史与体检既往史:有高血压病史,不规则用药,余未提供特殊病史家族史:无特殊入院查体:nT 3
2、8.6,P 139次/分,R 30次/分,BP 141/92mmHgn神志清楚,急性病容,心肺听诊未见明显异常n腹部查体:腹部膨隆,全腹肌紧张,压痛及反跳痛明显实验室检查急诊血常规:WBC 17.8*109/L,N%93.8%,Hb 112g/L生化:TBIL 42.7 umol/L DBIL 22.4 umol/L ALT 42 IU/L AST 80 IU/L BUN 11.01mmol/L Cr 137umol/L PT 21.5 s,APTT 44.3 s,FIB 3.43 g/L ABG:PiO2 5 L/min,PaO2 65 mmHg,PaCO2 35 mmHg PH 7.29,
3、LAC 3.1 mmol/L问 题如你为接诊医师或邀请你会诊,此时,除病因诊断外,n什么状态是你最关注的?n作为ICU大夫你应该做什么?辅助检查:CT阑尾肿胀,根部见高密度粪石,远端形态失常,升结肠及末段回肠明显肿胀,周围多发积液、积气,盆腔散在游离积液、积气,腹腔积液,腹盆腔脂肪间隙及肠系膜广泛肿胀,腹膜及盆底筋膜增厚考虑急性阑尾炎伴穿孔,脓肿形成可能,弥漫性腹膜炎急诊手术急诊行“剖腹探查术”术中见:腹腔内脓性粪样液 1600 ml,腹腔污染极重,小肠表面覆有多量脓苔,阑尾中部坏疽穿孔,可见粪石溢出麻醉达成后,出现血压下降,NBP 80/50 mmHg,术中(3小时)补液3500ml,小便8
4、0 ml,并使用去甲肾上腺素术后转入ICU,转入时大剂量血管活性药物维持血压转入ICU情况住院医师初步处理n晶体液600mln去甲肾上腺素 2.22 ug/kg.min1小时后:nT 37.6,HR 123 次/分;ABP 103/61 mmHg;UO/hr 40 ml;CVP 11 mmHg nRR 12次/分,SPO2 90%uPEEP 12 mmHg uFIO2 100%而且,还有如此的Chest-X-line,为什么?实验室检查血常规:WBC 21.89*109/L N%93.8%,Hb 112g/LCRP 200 mg/L,PCT 10.5gL生化:TBIL 32.7 umol/L,
5、DBIL 26.4 umol/L,ALT 42 IU/L AST 68 IU/L,Alb3.24 g/L BUN 12.1mmol/L,Cr 297umol/L PT 23.5 s,APTT 54.3 s,FIB 3.24 g/L ABG:PiO2 100%,PaO2 61 mmHg,PaCO2 45 mmHg PH 7.29,LAC 15.5mmol/L,SvO2 72%pro-BNP 11689pg/mlAPACHE II 28 分此时,你如何评估病情,进一步处理?感染性休克急性弥漫性腹膜炎急性阑尾炎伴穿孔诊断与鉴别感染:明确的感染灶全身性感染休克:麻醉术中已充分补液,休克未纠正血管活性药
6、物维持血压器官功能受损组织灌注不足其他类型的休克?共性:感染性休克原则:严重全身性感染与感染性休克治疗指南SSC2012下一步诊治?对症:支持SSC2012:推荐尽快寻找确诊或排除需要采取紧急感染控制措施的感染灶(如坏死性软组织感染、腹膜炎、胆管炎或肠坏死),如有可能应在确诊后12小时内进行处理以控制感染灶(推荐级别仍维持1C)SSC2012:推荐尽早开始静脉抗生素治疗,应当在确诊感染性休克(推荐级别仍维持1B)或不伴有休克的严重全身性感染(推荐级别由1D提高到1C)后一小时内应用抗生素对因:原发病下一步治疗SSC2012:对于全身性感染诱发的组织低灌注患者(表现为初始液体复苏治疗后仍持续低血
7、压或血乳酸水平4 mmol/L),推荐采用定量复苏方案进行治疗(推荐级别仍维持1C)对症:支持对因:原发病Surviving Sepsis Campaign 2012CVP=8-12mmHg平均动脉压 65mmHgScvO2 70%尿量 0.5ml/kg/h目标意义何在?RR 12次/分 SPO2 90%nPEEP 15 mmHg nFIO2 100%下一步:限液利尿?HR 123 次/分Pro-BNP 11689 pg/mlCVPABPSvO2 U.O./hr11103/617240下一步:限液利尿?什么是目标?血管活性药物n去甲肾上腺素 2.22 ug/kg.min乳酸:11.811.4
8、mmol/L转入ICU情况严重全身性感染与感染性休克治疗指南2012:对于乳酸水平升高的患者,建议复苏治疗以乳酸恢复正常为目标(推荐级别为2C)个性:假象达标血管活性药物n去甲肾上腺素 2.22 ug/kg.min乳酸:11.811.4 mmol/L如何实现目标?组织灌注与氧合评估n前负荷,容量反应性n心脏功能n后负荷n组织灌注我们还能做什么?n还有些什么评估指标?n获得这些指标,能够采取哪些监测手段?血流动力学监测分级监测回到共性:增加容量及反应性指标HR123ABP103/61MAP75CVP11GEDI639SVV31CI2.58SVI16GEF11%SVRI2457ELWI15个性:心
9、功能?u71岁,GEF 11%,Pro-BNP 11689 pg/mluTn-I阳性;CK 959,CK-MB 40 IU/L共性:容量不足继续液体复苏1835M ateri al s and m ethodsPat i ent sW e st udi ed 39 m echani cal l y vent i l at ed pat i ent s wi t h sept i c shock.Thi sgroup com pri sed 22 m en and 17 wom en,aged bet ween 20 and80 years(m ean age 65 15 years).Incl
10、 usi on cri t eri a were sept i cshock asdefi ned by t heInt ernat i onalSepsi sDefi ni t i onsConference10,and t he cl i ni cal requi rem ent for a rapi d vol um e chal l enge(8 m L/kg of6%hydroxyet hyl st arch over20 m i n)accordi ng t o t heat t endi ng physi ci an.The physi ci an s deci si on wa
11、s based on t hepresence of cl i ni cal si gns of acut e ci rcul at ory fai l ure(l ow bl oodpressure or uri ne out put,t achycardi a,m ot t l i ng),or/and bi ol ogi calsi gns of organ dysfunct i on(renal or hepat i c dysfunct i on,hyper-l act aci dem i a)and on t he absence of cont rai ndi cat i on
12、t o a fl ui dchal l enge(l i fe-t hreat eni ng hypoxem i a,echocardi ographi c evi denceofri ghtvent ri cul arfai l ure).The i nst i t ut i onalrevi ew board forhu-m an subj ect sconsi dered t he prot ocolt o beapartofrout i ne cl i ni calpract i ce so t hatno wri t t en i nform ed consentwasobt ai
13、ned from t hepat i ent s nextofki n.M easurem ent sA t wo-di m ensi onal echographi c sect or was used t o vi sual i ze t hei nferi orvena cava(sub-xyphoi dall ong axi svi ew),and i t sM-m odecursor was used t o generat e a t i m e-m ot i on record of t he i nferi orvena cava di am et er(DIVC)approx
14、i m at el y 3 cm from t he ri ghtat ri um(Fi g.1).M axi m um and m i ni m um DIVCval uesovera si ngl erespi rat ory cycl e were col l ect ed and t he DIVCvari at i on(DDIVC)cal cul at ed as t he di fference bet ween t he m axi m um and t he m i ni-m um DIVCval ue,norm al i zed by t he m ean oft he t
15、 wo val ues andexpressed asa percent age.Cardi ac out put was eval uat ed usi ng echocardi ography bym easuri ng t he di am et eroft he aort i c ori fi ce and t he vel oci t y t i m ei nt egral of aort i c bl ood fl ow duri ng end-expi rat i on as previ ousl ydescri bed 7.Al lm easurem ent s were pe
16、rform ed i n t ri pl i cat e by asi ngl e experi enced operat or(M.F.).The reproduci bi l i t y ofDDIVCand cardi ac out putm easurem ent sst andard devi at i on(SD)di vi ded by t he m ean of t he t hree m ea-surem ent swas 3 4%and 9 5%,respect i vel y.St udy prot ocolAl lpat i ent swere sedat ed and m echani cal l y vent i l at ed i n a vol um e-cont rol l ed m ode wi t h a t i dalvol um e of8 10 m L/kg.Two set s ofm easurem ent swere perform ed:t he fi rstpri ort o vol um e expansi onand t he s