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1、AI&Semen Handling精液操作和人工授精精液操作和人工授精Additional costs incurred when cows remain open for more than 100 days.母牛空怀超过母牛空怀超过100天所造成的额外损失天所造成的额外损失DAYS OPENADDED COSTS DUE TO:100+10100+20100+30100+40100+50Production131.32280.28431.20582.12733.40AI Fees7.2814.5621.8429.1236.40Veterinary and Medicine16.46 32.
2、9349.3965.8682.38Calf Loss22.1244.1866.3088.42110.54Replacement38.0876.16114.24152.32190.40Total Additional Cost(RMB)215.26448.11682.97917.841153.12Average Cost/Day(RMB/Day)21.5222.4022.7722.9523.06Costs based on:milk 2.8 RMB/L;feed 0.84 RMB/L;Al 84 RMB/service;vet&med 36.4 RMB/cow;calf price 840 RM
3、B;replacement cost 6720 RMB.空怀天数因下列原因造成的损失 Signs of Heat 发情征候发情征候 alert,restless behavior,bawling 警觉、不安、哞叫警觉、不安、哞叫 shortened feeding time 采食时间短采食时间短 aggressive behavior,butting 进攻行为、用角顶撞进攻行为、用角顶撞 swollen,reddened vulva 外阴红肿外阴红肿 mucus discharge 排出粘液排出粘液 withholding of milk 产奶量减少产奶量减少 increased urinat
4、ion 排尿次数增加排尿次数增加 mounting other cows 爬跨其它的牛爬跨其它的牛 chin pressing on other cows 用下巴挤压其它的牛用下巴挤压其它的牛 sniffing,licking of vulva,lip curling 闻舔外阴、卷唇闻舔外阴、卷唇Standing Heat站立发情站立发情 NO.OF OBSERVATION PERIODS%COWS SEEN IN HEAT Once-a-day observation 每日一次 60%Twice-a-day observation 每日两次 80%Three-times-a-day obse
5、rvation 每日三次 90%Four-times-a-day observation 每日四次 100%Heat Detection发情鉴定发情鉴定观察次数观察次数 发情检出率发情检出率Rules for Good Heat DetectionTie Stall Barns良好的发情检查制度/栓系式牛棚 Turn cows loose at least once a day 每天放牛至少一次每天放牛至少一次 Observe for at least 20 minutes 观察至少观察至少20分钟分钟 Observe cows 2 other times of the day 当日增加两次其
6、它当日增加两次其它 时间的观察时间的观察 Do not feed or otherwise distract the cows when you are checking for heats 检查发情时不要喂牛、否则会分散检查发情时不要喂牛、否则会分散 牛的发情行为牛的发情行为 Exercise area must have good footing 运动场必须平整运动场必须平整Rules for Good Heat DetectionFree Stall Barns良好的发情检查制度/自由散放式牛棚 Ensure good footing in walkways 确保通道情况良好确保通道情况
7、良好 Observe cows 3 times per day for heat 每日观察发情三次每日观察发情三次 Have unobstructed view of all cows from viewing area 观察发情区域视线良好，无障碍物观察发情区域视线良好，无障碍物 Cows will not show good heat signs when feeding or waiting to be milked 采食或等候挤奶时，牛的发情征候不会表现出来采食或等候挤奶时，牛的发情征候不会表现出来 Do not check for heats while there is equip
8、ment operating in the area 区域内有设备运行时，不要检查发情区域内有设备运行时，不要检查发情 Timing of Breeding配种时间的确定配种时间的确定次要发情征候 站立发情 卵子寿命精子的寿命Factors Affecting Fertility Variation影响繁殖力变化的因素影响繁殖力变化的因素Environment and Management 96%环境和管理环境和管理母牛母牛 Cow 3%配种公牛配种公牛 Service sire 1%Weigel et al.,2001Major Management&Environment Factors主
9、要管理和环境因素主要管理和环境因素Nutrition Issue 营养问题营养问题Energy 能量能量Protein 蛋白蛋白Vitamins 维生素维生素 90%of Breeding Success is Feeding SuccessMinerals 矿物质矿物质 育种成功的育种成功的90%是饲养管理的成功是饲养管理的成功Semen Handling If semen not good-No Chance 精液操作精液操作 如果精液质量不好如果精液质量不好-没有希望没有希望Heat Detection Cows Dont show or Not Detected 发情鉴定发情鉴定 如果
10、母牛不表现发情或发情没有鉴定出如果母牛不表现发情或发情没有鉴定出AI Technique Wrong Place/Wrong Time-No Chance 人工授精技术人工授精技术 授精部位或配种时间错误授精部位或配种时间错误-没有希望没有希望Heat Stress Dont eat/Dont Show Heat 热应激热应激 牛不采食牛不采食/不表现发情不表现发情Moldy Feed Pregnancy Loss 发霉饲料发霉饲料 流产流产The 4“Rights”of Successful Breeding配种成功的配种成功的4个个“正确正确”Right Semen精液正确精液正确 Rig
11、ht Cow 母牛正确母牛正确 Right Place 部位正确部位正确 Right Time 时间正确时间正确Right Semen 精液正确精液正确 Reputable Supplier 有良好声誉的供应商有良好声誉的供应商 Semen Storage 精液储存精液储存 Semen Handling 精液操作精液操作 Semen Thawing 精液解冻精液解冻Start with a Reputable Supplier开始于有良好声誉的供应商开始于有良好声誉的供应商 In 25 years and more than 1 millions doses of semen purchase
12、d from major suppliers,I have had no incidents of damaged semen being received and only one bull rejected due to poor conception rates.在过去的在过去的25年中，我从主要的精液供应商购买了年中，我从主要的精液供应商购买了100多万剂多万剂量的精液，从来没有发生过精液质量受损的问题，只有一量的精液，从来没有发生过精液质量受损的问题，只有一头公牛因受孕率低没有被采用。头公牛因受孕率低没有被采用。WWS,ABS,Alta,Semex,CRI,Masterrind,Ge
13、nes DiffusionSemen Storage 精液贮存精液贮存 Store in well Lit and well ventilated area 贮存在照明和通风良好的地方贮存在照明和通风良好的地方 Place tank on a dry wooden pallet or board 液氮罐放置在干燥的木排或木板上液氮罐放置在干燥的木排或木板上 Avoid direct contact with cement or cleaning Chemicals commonly found in milking parlor area 避免直接放置在混凝土地面或接触挤奶厅常用的化学清洁物避
14、免直接放置在混凝土地面或接触挤奶厅常用的化学清洁物 Acids released from sweating cement or strong cleaning agents can cause tank corrosion and lead to failure of the vacuum seal.潮湿混凝土或清洁剂释放酸类，易腐蚀液氮罐，导致真空密潮湿混凝土或清洁剂释放酸类，易腐蚀液氮罐，导致真空密封失效。封失效。Tank Management液氮罐管理液氮罐管理 Top up tanks regularly and monitor nitrogen usage 定期加满液氮并监督液氮的
15、消耗定期加满液氮并监督液氮的消耗 Increased nitrogen consumption rate is an early sign that your tank is losing its vacuum.Check your tank daily for signs of frosting and every 2 week for nitrogen consumption rate.液氮消耗量增加是液液氮消耗量增加是液氮罐真空损失加快的氮罐真空损失加快的早期征候。每日检查早期征候。每日检查罐是否有结霜的迹象，罐是否有结霜的迹象，每两周检查一次液氮每两周检查一次液氮的消耗率。的消耗率。S
16、emen Tank 精液罐精液罐Know your tank inside and outside了解精液罐的内外构造了解精液罐的内外构造A.Cap 外盖外盖B.Cap rester 提斗架托提斗架托C.External shield 外罐体外罐体D.Neck 罐颈罐颈E.Lock holder 锁扣锁扣F.Canister handle 提斗把手提斗把手G.Vacuum retention system 真空保持系统真空保持系统H.Index spider 指数星形架指数星形架 I.Cork 塞子塞子J.Insulation 绝缘材料绝缘材料I Semen tank should easily last for 10 years or more.Most older tanks are much less efficient at holding nitrogen than todays newer models.Eventually,all tanks lose their vacuum and are rendered useless.This may occur gradual
