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1、 CERVICAL CANCER.CERVICAL CANCER.lThe most common malignancy in gynecological oncologylIncidence:7.8/100,000lMortality:2.7/100,000lDiagnosis:biopsylMain modality of treatment:surgery and radiationlGoal of treatment:cure,except stage 4b Special Casel38 yrs,G3/P1,nurselC/O:postcoital bleeding for 2 mo
2、nthslMenstruation regular with 30 days cycle and 5 days duration.Abnormal discharge with bad smell.LMP:12 days agolPap smear:squamous cell cancer lPV:Vulva:Normal,lVaginal:yellowish discharge with bloody stained,lCervix:growth with ulceration and contact bleeding.lUterus:N/S,mobile.lParametrium:thic
3、kening not to pelvic sidewall on both side CERVICAL CANCER.CERVICAL CANCER.lHow can we make a diagnosis?How can we make a diagnosis?lHow can we evaluate the patient?How can we evaluate the patient?lHow can we manage the patient?How can we manage the patient?lHow should we explain to the patient?How
4、should we explain to the patient?lCan we prevent cervical cancer?Can we prevent cervical cancer?How can we make a diagnosis?How can we make a diagnosis?SYMPTOMSSYMPTOMSlAbnormal vaginal bleeding Abnormal vaginal bleeding postcoital bleedingpostcoital bleeding*contact bleeding contact bleeding lAbnor
5、mal vaginal dischargeAbnormal vaginal dischargelAsymptomatic,just abnormal Asymptomatic,just abnormal pap smearpap smearSYMPTOMSlThe classic symptom is intermittent,painless metrorragia or spotting only postcoitally or after douching.lProbably the first symptom of early cancer of the cervix is a thi
6、n,watery,blood-tinged vaginal discharge that frequently goes unrecognized by the patients.lAs the maligancy enlarges,the bleeding episodes become heavier and more frequent,and they last longer.SYMPTOMSlLate symptom or indicators of more advanced disease include the development of pain referred to th
7、e flank or leg.lMany patients c/o dysuria,hematuria or rectal bleeding or obstipation resulting from bladder or rectal invasion.lDistant metastasis and persistent edema of one or both lower extremities as a result of lymphatic and venous blockage by extensive pelvic wall disease are late manifestati
8、on of primary disease and frequent manifestations of recurrent disease.How can we make a diagnosis?How can we make a diagnosis?lSIGNSlVagina:mucous,fornixlCervix:erosion growth ulceration barrel-shapedlUterus:size,mobilitylParamet:thickening Gross appearencelThree categories of gross lesions have tr
9、aditionally been described.lThe most common is the exophytic lesion,which usually arises on the ectocervix and ofter grows to form a large,friable,polypoid mass,arises on the endocervical canal,creating barrel-shaped lesion.lLittle visible ulceration or exophytic mass like a stone-hard cervix that r
10、egresses slowly with radiation therapy.lUlcerative tumor,usually erodes a portion of the cervix or replacing the cervix,erodes a portion of the upper vaginal vault with a large crate.How can we make a diagnosis?How can we make a diagnosis?CLINICAL TESTS:CLINICAL TESTS:lPap smearPap smearlColposcopy
11、and target biopsyColposcopy and target biopsylEndocervical curettage(ECC)Endocervical curettage(ECC)lCone biopsyCone biopsylBiopsyBiopsyPap smearlPap smear is the most common and effective screening method.lExfoliated cervical cells are scraped from the cervix by spatula.The entire T zone must be sa
12、mpled.Incomplete sampling could produce a false-negative smear.lThe endocervical canal is also sampled with a swab or cytobrush.lCells are fixed immediately to avoid air-drying cytologic artifacts Colposcopy and directed biopsylA pap smear is only a screening test.A definitive diagnosis requires ins
13、pection of a well-visualized cervix with a colposcope.lThe cervix is painted with 3%acetic acid solution to enhance surface alterations and vascular changes.lThe colposcope evaluation is considered adequate or satisfactory if the complete T zone and full extent of the lesions is visualized.lAreas of
14、 abnormality(e.g.,White epithelium,mosaicism,and punctation)are selectively punch biopsied.Cone biopsylIndications for cone biopsy 1.The lesion cannot be fully visualized.2.The ECC is posituve 3.There is significant discrepancy between the Pap smear and biopsy.4.A biopsy reveals microinvasive squamo
15、us cell carcinoma 5.A biopsy reveals adenocarcinoma in situHow can we make a diagnosis?How can we make a diagnosis?lA pap smear is only a A pap smear is only a screening test!screening test!lDefinitive diagnosis of Definitive diagnosis of cervical cancer cervical cancer requires a BIOPSY!requires a
16、BIOPSY!How can we evaluate the patient?Histologic type:Histologic type:lSqumous cell carcinoma(SCC)80%Squmous cell carcinoma(SCC)80%lAdenocacinoma 10%-15%Adenocacinoma 10%-15%lOthers 5%-10%Others 5%-10%Routes of spreadlInto the vaginal mucosa,extending microscopically down beyond visible or palpable disease;lInto the myometrium of the low uterine segment and corpus,particularlly with lesions arising from the endocervix.lInto the paracervical lymphatics and from there to the most common involved
