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1、IELTSADVANTAGEIELTSAdvantagePracticeReadingTest5PaSSaHe1DISCOVERYOFTHETRUESOLARSYSTEMTYCHOBRAHEKEPLERA-Duringtheperiodoftheintellectualandaestheticrevival,atthebeginningofthesixteenthcenturyzthe“spiritoftheage“wasfosteredbytheinventionofprinting,bythedownfalloftheByzantineEmpire,andthescatteringofGr
2、eekfugitives,carryingthetreasuresofliteraturethroughWesternEurope,bytheworksofRaphaelandMichelangelozbytheReformation,andbytheextensionoftheknownworldthroughthevoyagesofSpaniardsandPortuguese.Duringthatperiodtherecametothefrontthefounderofaccurateobservationalastronomy.TychoBrahe,aDanezbornin1546ofn
3、obleparents,wasthemostdistinguished,diligent,andaccurateobserveroftheheavenssincethedaysofHipparchus,lz700yearsbefore.Tychowasdevotedentirelytohissciencefromchildhood,andtheoppositionofhisparentsonlystimulatedhiminhiseffortstoovercomedifficulties.Hesoongraspedthehopelessnessoftheolddeductivemethodso
4、freasoning,anddecidedthatnotheoriesoughttobeindulgedinuntilpreparationshadbeenmadebytheaccumulationofaccurateobservations.Wemayclaimforhimthetitleoffounderoftheinductivemethod.B-HestudiedinGermany,butKingFrederickofDenmark,appreciatinghisgreattalents,invitedhimtocarryouthislifesworkinthatcountry.Heg
5、rantedtohimtheislandofHveenzgavehimapension,andmadehimacanonoftheCathedralofRoskilde.Onthatisland,TychoBrahebuiltthesplendidobservatorywhichhecalledUraniborgzand,later;asecondoneforhisassistantsandstudents,calledStjerneborg.Thesehefittedupwiththemostperfectinstruments,andneverlostachanceofaddingtohi
6、sstockofcarefulobservations.C-Theaccountofalltheseinstrumentsandobservations,printedathisownpressontheisland,waspublishedbyTychoBrahehimsetandtheadmirableandnumerousengravingsbearwitnesstotheexcellenceofdesignandthestabilityofhisinstruments.Hismechanicalskillwasgreat,andinhisworkmanshiphewassatisfie
7、dwithnothingbutthebest.Herecognisedtheimportanceofrigidityintheinstruments,and,whereasthesehadgenerallybeenmadeofwood,hedesignedtheminmetal.HisinstrumentsincludedarmillaelikethosewhichhadbeenusedinAlexandria,andotherarmillaedesignedbyhimselfsextants,muralquadrants,largecelestialglobesandvariousinstr
8、umentsforspecialpurposes.HeinventedthemethodOfsubdividingthedegreesonthearcofaninstrumentbytransversalssomewhatinthewaythatPedroNunezhadproposed.D-Heoriginatedthetruesystemofobservationandreductionofobservations,recognisingthefactthatthebestinstrumentintheworldisnotperfect;andwitheachofhisinstrument
9、s,hesettoworktofindouttheerrorsofgraduationandtheerrorsofmounting,thenecessarycorrectionbeingappliedtoeachobservation.Whenhewantedtopointhisinstrumentexactlytoastarhewasconfrontedwithpreciselythesamedifficultyasismetingunneryandrifle-shooting.Thesightsandtheobjectaimedatcannotbeinfocustogether;andag
10、reatdealdependsontheformofsight.TychoBraheinvented,andappliedtothepointersofhisinstruments,anaperture-sightofvariablearea,liketheirisdiaphragmusednowinphotography.Thisenabledhimtogetthebestresultwithstarsofdifferentbrightness.Thisnotonlyremovesthedifficultyoffocusingbutmakestheminimumvisibleanglesma
11、ller.Helmholtzhasdefinedtheminimumanglemeasurablewiththenakedeyeasbeingoneminuteofarc.Inviewofthis,itissimplymarvellousthat,whenthepositionsofTycho,sstandardstarsarecomparedwiththebestmoderncatalogues,hisprobableerrorinrightascensionisonly24”,1,andindeclinationonly25”,9.E-Clocksofasorthadbeenmade,bu
12、tTychoBrahefoundthemsounreliablethatheseldomusedthem,andmanyofhisposition-measurementsweremadebymeasuringtheangulardistancesfromknownstars.Takingintoconsiderationtheabsenceofeitheratelescopeoraclock,andreadinghisaccountofthelabourhebestoweduponeachobservation,wemustallagreethatKepler;whoinheritedthe
13、seobservations,wasjustified,undertheconditionsthenexisting,indeclaringthattherewasnohopeofanyoneeverimprovinguponthem.F-Intheyear1572zonNovemberllthzTychodiscoveredinCassiopeiaanewstarofgreatbrilliance,andcontinuedtoobserveituntiltheendofJanuary1573.Soincredibletohimwassuchaneventthatherefusedtobeli
14、evehisowneyesuntilhegototherstoconfirmwhathesaw.HemadeaccurateobservationsofitsdistancefromthenineprincipalstarsinCasseiopeia,andprovedthatithadnomeasurableparallax.Laterheemployedthesamemethodwiththecometsof1577z1580,1582,1585z1590z1593,and1596zandprovedthattheytoohadnomeasurableparallaxandmustbeve
15、rydistant.Source:HISTORYOFASTRONOMYBYGEORGEFORBESIELTSADVANTAGEQuestions1-4ChooseNOMORETHANTHREEWORDSfrompassage1foreachanswer.1. InwhichfielddidTychobecomeanexpert?2. WhatnamehavewegiventhewayinwhichTychoproposedwestudyobjects?3. InwhichmaterialdidTychoprefertoconstructhisimplements?4. Onwhichcompo
16、nentofhisdevicesdidheaddanaperture-sightofvariablearea?Questions5-9Passage1haseightsectionslabelledA-FChoosethecorrectheadingsforSectionsB-F.ListofHeadingsi. Undiscoveredtechnologyii. Improvingtheaccuracyofinstrumentsiii. Immeasurableobjectsiv. Tychosinvolvementinthegunindustryv. Backgroundandearlylifevi. Educationvii. Allowingforinaccuraciesinfindingsviii. Incorporationofclocksandtelescopesi.PatronageE.g.SectionA-v5. S
