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1、ZQ国田IELTSADVANTAGEMatchingInformationPaSSaRe3TheConservationEthicThegoalsofconservationincludeconservinghabitat,preventingdeforestation,haltingspeciesextinction,reducingoverfishingandmitigatingclimatechange.Differentphilosophicaloutlooksguideconservationiststowardsthesegoals.A-Theprincipalvalueunder
2、lyingmanyexpressionsoftheconservationethicisthatthenaturalworldhasintrinsicandintangibleworthalongwithpracticalorutilitarianvalue-aviewcarriedforwardbypartsofthescientificconservationmovementandsomeoftheolderRomanticschoolsofecologymovement.Philosophershaveattachedintrinsicvaluetodifferentaspectsofn
3、ature,whetherthisisindividualorganisms(biocentrism)orecologicalwholessuchasspeciesorecosystems(ecoholism).B-IntheUnitedStatesofAmerica,theyear1864sawthepublicationoftwobookswhichlaidthefoundationforRomanticandUtilitarianconservationtraditionsinAmerica.TheposthumouspublicationofHenryDavidThoreausWald
4、enestablishedthegrandeurofunspoilednatureasacitadeltonourishthespiritofman.FromGeorgePerkinsMarshaverydifferentbook,ManandNaturezlatersubtitledTheEarthasModifiedbyHumanAction,cataloguedhisobservationsofmanexhaustingandalteringthelandfromwhichhissustenancederives.C-Theconsumerconservationethicissomet
5、imesexpressedbythefourRs:Rethink,Reduce,Recycle,Repair.Thissocialethicprimarilyrelatestolocalpurchasing,moralpurchasing,thesustainedandefficientuseofrenewableresources,themoderationofdestructiveuseoffiniteresources,andthepreventionofharmtocommonresourcessuchasairandwaterquality,thenaturalfunctionsof
6、alivingearth,andculturalvaluesinabuiltenvironment.D-Distincttrendsexistregardingconservationdevelopment.Whilemanycountrieseffortstopreservespeciesandtheirhabitatshavebeengovernment-led,thoseinnorthwesternEuropetendedtoariseoutofthemiddle-classandaristocraticinterestinnaturalhistory,expressedatthelev
7、eloftheindividualandthenational,regionalorlocallearnedsociety.Thus,countrieslikeBritain,theNetherlandsandGermanyhadwhatwewouldtodaytermnon-governmentalorganizations-intheshapeoftheRoyalSocietyfortheProtectionofBirds,NationalTrustandCountyNaturalistsTrusts(datingbackto1889,1895and1912respectively),Na
8、tuurmonumentenzProvincialConservationTrustsforeachDutchprovince,Vogelbeschermingzandsoon-alongtimebeforetherewerenationalparksandnationalnaturereserves.ThisinpartreflectstheabsenceofwildernessareasinheavilycultivatedEurope,aswellasalongstandinginterestinlaissez-fairegovernmentinsomecountries,likethe
9、UK,leavingitasnocoincidencethatJohnMuirztheScottish-bornfounderoftheNationalParkmovement(andhenceofgovernment-sponsoredconservation)didhissterlingworkintheUSA,wherehewasthedrivingforcebehindtheestablishmentofsuchnationalparksasYosemiteandYellowstone.Nowadays,officiallymorethan10percentoftheworldisle
10、gallyprotectedinsomewayortheother,and,inpractice,privatefundraisingisinsufficienttopayfortheeffectivemanagementofsomuchlandwithprotectedstatus.E-Protectedareasindevelopingcountries,whereprobablyasmanyas70-80percentofthespeciesoftheworldlive,stillenjoyverylittleeffectivemanagementandprotection.Someco
11、untries,suchasQD国IELTSADVANTAGEMatching InformationMexico,havenon-profitcivilorganizationsandlandownersdedicatedtoprotectingvastprivateproperty,suchasthecaseofHaciendaChichensMayaJungleReserveandBirdRefugeinChichenItza,Yucatan.TheAdoptARangerFoundationhascalculatedthatworldwideabout140,000rangersare
12、neededtooverseetheprotectedareasindevelopingandtransitioncountries.Thereisnodataonhowmanyrangersareemployedatthemoment,butprobablylessthanhalftheprotectedareasindevelopingandtransitioncountrieshaveanyrangersatallandthosethathavethemareatleast50%short.Thismeansthattherewouldbeaworldwiderangerdeficito
13、f105,000rangersinthedevelopingandtransitioncountries.F-AdoptARangerfearsthattherangerdeficitisthegreatestsinglelimitingfactorineffectivelyconservingnaturein75%oftheworld.Currently,noconservationorganizationorwesterncountryorinternationalorganizationaddressesthisproblem.AdoptARangerhasbeenincorporate
14、dtodrawworldwidepublicattentiontothemosturgentproblemthatconservationisfacingindevelopingandtransitioncountries:protectedareaswithoutfieldstaff.Veryspecifically,itwillcontributetosolvingtheproblembyfundraisingtofinancerangersinthefield.Itwillalsohelpgovernmentsindevelopingandtransitioncountriestoass
15、essrealisticstaffingneedsandstaffingstrategies.Others,includingSurvivalInternational,haveadvocatedinsteadforcooperationwithlocaltribalpeoples,whoarenaturalalliesoftheconservationmovementandcanprovidecost-effectiveprotection.G-Thetermsconservationandpreservationarefrequentlyconflatedoutsidetheacademi
16、c,scientific,andprofessionalkindsofliterature.TheUSNationalParkServiceoffersthefollowingexplanationoftheimportantwaysinwhichthesetwotermsrepresentverydifferentconceptionsofenvironmentalprotectionethics:Conservationandpreservationarecloselylinkedandmayindeedseemtomeanthesamething.Bothtermsinvolveadegreeofprotection,buthowthatprotectioniscarriedoutisthekeydifference.Conservationisgenerallyassociatedwiththeprotectionofnaturalresources
