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1、美国总统22格罗弗克利夫兰GroverCleveland:Repeatedplaystopmutemaxvolume00:00-10:51repeatByKellyJeanKelly30July,2017VOALearningEnglishpresentsAmericasPresidents.TodaywearetalkingaboutGroverCleveland.WhenAmericansrememberhim,itismostlybecausehemakeswritingpresidentialtimelinesdifficult.Clevelandwasthenations22ndpr
2、esident,andalsoits24th.HeremainstheonlyU.S.presidenttodatewhosesecondtermdidnotimmediatelyfollowthefirst.Clevelandisalsonotablebecauseofhispersonallife,andbecauseheheldofficeduringoneofthecountrysworsteconomiccrises.EarlylifeStephenGroverClevelandwasborninthenortheasternstateofNewJerseyandgrewupmost
3、lyinNewYork.Hewasamiddlechildinafamilyofninechildren.Hisfatherwasaminister,andthefamilydidnothavemuchmoney.Asaresult,Clevelandhadlittleformaleducation.Hewasoneofthefewpresidentswhodidnotgotocollege.Buthewasabletobecomealawyer.Heearnedenoughmoneyanddevelopedagoodprofessionalimage.Intime,hebecameasher
4、iff,amayor,andthegovernorofthestateofNewYork.Inhisearlylife,Clevelanddidnotmarryandhavechildren.Instead,hehadmanyfriends,withwhomheenjoyedhunting,fishing,andeatinganddrinkinginrestaurants.ClevelandsfriendscalledhimBigSteveandUncleJumbo.,ButClevelanddidhavearelationshipwithawidownamedMariaHalpin.Sheb
5、ecamepregnantandsaidClevelandwasthebabysfather.Clevelandsaidhewasnotsureifhewas.However,hegavethechildsomefinancialsupport,thenameofoneofhisclosestfriends,andhisownfamilyname.ThechildwascalledOscarFolsomCleveland.Shortlyaftertheboywasborn,hismotherwassenttoaninstitutionforthementallyunstable.Doctors
6、quicklyconfirmedthathermentalhealthwasfine,buthersonwastakenfromherandraisedbyanotherfamily.ThestoryaboutHalpinandthechildbecameanissueintheelectionof1884.TheDemocraticPartyhadnominatedClevelandastheircandidateforpresident.Ingeneral,voterslikedhismessageoflimitingfederalspending,reducingthepowerofwe
7、althyinterests,andstoppingpoliticalcorruption.SomecalledhimGrovertheGood.ButClevelandsopponentssaidhishistorywithMariaHalpinshowedthathewasanimmoralman.Atanti-Clevelandrallies,Republicanschanted,Ma,mazwheresmyPa?Paisanotherwordforfather.ButClevelanddidnotcommentmuchonthematter.HisdefenderssaidClevel
8、andshonestyasapublicofficialwasmoreimportantthanhisbadjudgmentasaprivatecitizen.Votersseemedtoagree.Clevelandnarrowlywontheelection.HissupportersansweredtheRepublicanschantsofwheresmyPa?bysaying,GonetotheWhiteHouse,ha,ha,ha!FirstpresidentialtermGroverClevelandspresidencywasunusualbecausehedidnotwant
9、tousetheofficetoproposelaws.Instead,hemostlyaimedtokeepthefederalgovernmentoperatingefficiently.Healsowantedtolimitlawmakerspowertohelpspecialinterestgroups.Asaresult,Clevelandvetoedmanybillsinhisfirstterm.HesetarecordatthattimeforsayingnotoproposalsfromCongress.Oneofthefewideasthathesupportedwasred
10、ucingtariffs.ManyofhisfellowDemocratslikedthatidea,too.ButanumberofRepublicansdidnot.Inthenextelection,theircandidate,BenjaminHarrisonzdefeatedCleveland.ClevelandreturnedtobeingalawyerinNewYork.In1892zClevelandwaschosentorunagainstBenjaminHarrisonagain.Thetariffissuereturned:theRepublicansprotective
11、tariffshadhurtsomeindustries,andvotersansweredthistimebyvotingHarrisonoutofoffice.ClevelandreturnedtotheWhiteHouse.Butthistimehewasnotalone.WhiteHouseWeddingTwoyearsintohisfirsttermaspresident,Clevelandmarriedthedaughterofhisclosefriend,OscarFolsom.ThebridesnamewasFrancesFolsom.Shewas21yearsoldatthe
12、time.Thepresidentwas49.Clevelandwasnotthefirstpresidenttogetmarriedwhileinoffice.ButhewasthefirstonetobemarriedintheWhiteHouse.Theeventcaptivatedthepublic.Whatsmore,Americansadoredthenewfirstlady.Shewasknownforbeingsocial,charming,andbeautiful.Historiansconcludethatshewasthemostpopularfirstladysince
13、DolleyMadison.Sheremainstheyoungest.SecondpresidentialtermWhentheClevelandsreturnedtotheWhiteHouse,thecountrywasenteringasevereeconomicrecession.Someofthecountrysbiggestbusinesseswerefailing,includingarailroadandmanybanks.Asaresult,investorswithdrewtheirmoneyfromthestockmarket.Thewithdrawalcausedman
14、yotherbusinessestofail.TheseriesofeventsisknownasthePanicof1893.Soon,moreandmoreAmericanswereoutofwork.Manycouldnotaffordhousesorfood.SomebeggedPresidentClevelandtointervene.Buthedeclined.Hedidnotthinkitwastheroleofthefederalgovernmenttocreatejobsinordertoreversethedepression.However,Clevelanddiduse
15、thepowerofthefederalgovernmenttointerveneduringafamouslaborstrike.Inthatevent,workersinChicagowhohelpedkeepthetrainsoperatingwalkedoutoftheirjobs.Theywereprotestingamajordecreaseintheirpaythatdidnotincludeadecreaseintheirlivingexpenses.Sincetheownerofthecompanyalsocontrolledthepriceofhousingandfood,
16、workersappealedtohimtotreatthemmorefairly.Butthecompanyownerrefusedeventomeetwiththeworkers.Soon,theworkersboycottgrew.Workersatotherrailyardsstoppedworking.Farmerscouldnotgettheirgoodstomarket,andotherscouldnotgetthesuppliestheyneeded.Eventhemailstoppedbeingdelivered.SoClevelandsentfederaltroopstobreakthestrike.Intheshortterm,Clevelandsactionsworked.Thetrainsmovedagai
