《跨文化交际-复习资料.docx》由会员分享，可在线阅读，更多相关《跨文化交际-复习资料.docx（3页珍藏版）》请在第壹文秘上搜索。
1、1、文化：cultureItisthatcomplexwholewhichincludesknowledge,belief,art,morals,law,custom,andanyothercapabilitiesandhabitsacquiredbymanasamemberofsociety.TheCharacteristicsofCulture:1.earnedstransmittedSubjecttochangeunconsciousintegratedsymbolicadaptive.2、跨文化交际：iIiterculturalcommunicationInterculturalcom
2、municationmeansthecommunicationbetweenpeoplefromdifferentculturalbackgrounds.Itiscommunicationbetweenpeoplewhoseculturalperceptionsandsymbolsystemsaredistinctenoughtoalterthecommunicationevent.3、高语境文化：High-ContextCultureslnferinformationfrommessagecontext,ratherthanfromcontent.Preferindirectness,pol
3、itenessandambiguity.COnVeylittleinformationexplicitly.Relyheavilyonnonverbalsigns.4、价值观：ValuesAstandardbywhichmembersofculturedefinewhatisdesirableorundesirablegoodorbadbeautifuloruglyacceptableorunacceptable.Valuesarestandardssetbythemembersofasociety.Valuesareoftenhighlycontexted.Valuescanchangesi
4、gnificantlyovertime.Valuescandifferwithinonesocietyandaroundtheworld.5、言语交际：verbalcommunication:Itreferstoanyformofcommunicationthatisdirectlydependentontheuseoflanguage.非言语交际：NonverbalcommunicationItwillbedefinedastheprocessbywhichnonverbalbehaviorsareused,eithersinglyorincombinationwithverbalbehav
5、iors,intheexchangeandinterpretationofmessageswithinagivensituationorcontext.6、本地化：LocalizationTheprocessofadaptingaproductorservicetoaparticularlanguage,culture,anddesiredlocal“look-and-feel.,Aspectstobeconsideredinlocalization:LanguageTimezonesMoneyNationalholidaysLocalcolorsensitivitiesProductorse
6、rvicenamesGenderrolesGeographicexamples、Advertisements7、刻板印象：StereotypesAfixedgeneralimage,characteristic,etc.thatalotofpeoplebelievetorepresentaparticulartypeofpersonorthing.Stereotypesareaformofgeneralizationaboutsomegroupofpeople,orameansoforganizingimagesintofixedandsimplecategoriesthatareusedto
7、standfortheentirecollectionofpeople.Itisfoundinnearlyeveryinterculturalsituation.Thereasonforthepervasivenatureofstereotypesisthathumanbeingshaveapsychologicalneedtocategorizeandclassify.8、文化休克：CulturalshockItiscausedbytheanxietythatresultsfromlosingallfamiliarsignsandsymbolsofsocialintercourse.9、符号
8、:SymbolAperson,anobject,anevent,etc.thatrepresentsamoregeneralqualityorsituation.1、猫头鹰的故事：ThisisbecauseChineseandEnglishnativespeakersassigndifferentassociativemeaningstothesamebird一owl.OWlinChinaisthesignofbadluck.Themeresightofanowlorthesoundofthecreatureshootingisenoughtocausepeopletodrawbackinfe
9、ar.ButinEnglishitisassociatedwithwisdom.Inchildrensbooksandcartoons,wheneverthereisadisputeamongbirdsorbeasts,itistheowlthatactsasjudge.Thetermdogelicitsdifferentfeelingsinthesetwocultures.InChinagow(dog)oftenhasderogativemeanings,suchas狼心狗肺.ButinWestisconsideredthebestfriendofman,whichiswellestabli
10、shedintheircultures.Sothefeeldisgustedateatingdogmeat.Long(龙)isasymboloftheemperorinancientChina.IthasbeenalmightytousChinese.TodaylongisoftenidentifiedwithChinaorChinese.ButtotheEnglishspeakingpeople,theChineselonghasbeenrenderedinEnglishas“dragon”.Dragonisafire-spittingmonster,cruelandfiercethatde
11、stroysandthereforemustbedestroyed.(三)InChinese,松、柏、鹤、桃standforlongevity.InEnglish,theyarejustplants.2、气泡空间：Thisisbecauseeachpersonhasa“bubble“ofspace(territory).StudiesshowthatpeoplefromSouthAmerica,Arabcountries,andmanyAsiancountrieshaveasmallerpersonalterritorythandoNorthAmericans,BritishandGennan
12、s.InMexicanandArabcultures,physicaldistancebetweenpeoplewhenengagedinconversationisveryclose.Inordertofeelcomfortablewhiletalking,whattheMexicandoesistomovecloser,whilewhattheNorthAmericandoesistostepbackalittle.(2)InWesterncounties,personalterritoryishighlyvalued.Eachonehashis/herownspaceathomeorin
13、officewhichshouldnotbeinvaded.Inpublicplaces,theyhave4temporaryterritory,notbeintrudeduponeither.(3)Asisinthecaseofhumanbehavior,theuseofspaceisdirectlylinkedtothevaluesystemofdifferentcultures.TheAmericanswhoseculturestressesindividualismgenerallydemandmorespacethandopeoplefromCollectivisticculture
14、sandtendtotakeanactive,aggressivestancewhentheirspaceisviolated.3、家庭第一：OneofthereasonthatAnniecouldnotunderstandRosaisthis:：inAmericanculture,thenuclearfamilyismuchmoreimportanttotheindividualthantheextendedfamily.MostAmericansfeellittleresponsibilitytowardtheirsecondcousins,andmayneverevenhavemetth
15、em.Therefore,AnniewasconfusedbecauseRosaputsomucheffortintohelping*jusf,asecondcousin.BUtinRosa,sculturethereisnotsuchabigdifferencebetweennuclearandextendedfamilyresponsibilities.Insomecountries,theextendedfamilyisthemainfinancialandemotionalsupportforpeopleintimesofcrisis.However,thisisnotsofarmos
16、tAmericans,whorelymoreonfriends,institutions,andprofessionals.Anotherreasonistheirpossessionofdifferentculturalvalues.Rosafeltthatttfamilycomesfirst,whichmeansthatherownneedscomesecond.Anniehadahardtimeunderstandingthatpointofviewbecauseinherculturetheindividualusuallycomesfirst.IntheUnitedStatesthepersonwhocanimakeitonhisown“withouthelpfromfamilyisrespected,althoughofcoursemanypeopl
