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1、Satire1. DefinitionofsatireFromWikipedia,thefreeencyclopediaNottobeconfusedwithsatyr.“Satires“redirectshere.Forotheruses,seeSatires(disambiguation).Satireisatextorperformancethatusesirony,derision,orwittoexposeorattackhumanvice,foolishness,orstupidity.Verb:satirize.Adjective:satiricorsatirical.Apers
2、onwhoemployssatireisasatirist.Usingmetaphors,novelistPeterDeVriesexplainedthedifferencebetweensatireandhumor:Thesatiristshootstokillwhilethehumoristbringshispreybackalive-oftentoreleasehimagainforanotherchance,OneofthebestknownsatiricalworksinEnglishisJonathanSwift,sGulliver*sTravels(1726).Contempor
3、aryvehiclesforsatireintheU.S.includeTheDailyShow,SouthPark,TheOnion,andFullFrontalwithSamanthaBee.Satireisagenreofliterature,andsometimesgraphicandperformingarts,inwhichvices,follies,abuses,andshortcomingsarehelduptoridicule,ideallywiththeintentofshamingindividuals,corporations,governmentorsocietyit
4、self,intoimprovement.Althoughsatireisusuallymeanttobehumorous,itsgreaterpurposeisoftenconstructivesocialcriticism,usingwittodrawattentiontobothparticularandwiderissuesinsociety.Afeatureofsatireisstrongironyorsarcasm-insatire,ironyismilitant*butparody,burlesque,exaggeration,juxtaposition,comparison,a
5、nalogy,anddoubleentendreareallfrequentlyusedinsatiricalspeechandwriting.This“militantironyorsarcasmoftenprofessestoapproveof(oratleastacceptasnatural)theverythingsthesatiristwishestoattack.Satireisnowadaysfoundinmanyartisticformsofexpression,includingliterature,plays,commentary,televisionshows,andme
6、diasuchaslyrics.2. EtymologyandrootsThewordsatirecomesfromtheLatinwordsaturandthesubsequentphraseLanxsatura.SaturmeantfullbutthejuxtapositionwithLanxshiftedthemeaningto*miseelIanyormedley”:theexpressionLanxsaturaliterallymeans“afulldishofvariouskindsoffruits.”ThewordsaturaasusedbyQuintilian,however,
7、wasusedtodenoteonlyRomanversesatire,astrictgenrethatimposedhexameterform,anarrowergenrethanwhatwouldbelaterintendedassatire.Quintilianfamouslysaidthatsatura,thatisasatireinhexameterverses,wasaliterarygenreofwhollyRomanorigin(saturatotanostraest).HewasawareofandcommentedonGreeksatire,butatthetimedidn
8、otlabelitassuch,althoughtodaytheoriginofsatireisconsideredtobeAristophancs,OldComedy.ThefirstcritictousesatireinthemodernbroadersensewasApuleius.ToQuintilian,thesatirewasastrictliteraryform,butthetermsoonescapedfromtheoriginalnarrowdefinition.RobertElliottwrites:Assoonasanounentersthedomainofmetapho
9、r,asonemodernscholarhaspointedout,itclamoursforextension;andsatura(whichhadhadnoverbal,adverbial,oradjectivalforms)wasimmediatelybroadenedbyappropriationfromtheGreekwordfor“satyr”(satyros)anditsderivatives.TheoddresultisthattheEnglish“satire“comesfromtheLatinsatura;butsatirize”,“satiric”,etc.,areofG
10、reekorigin.Byaboutthe4thcenturyADthewriterofsatirescametobeknownassatyricus;St.Jerome,forexample,wascalledbyoneofhisenemies,asatiristinprose,(,satyricusscriptorinprosa,).SubsequentorthographicmodificationsobscuredtheLatinoriginofthewordsatire:saturabecomessatyra,andinEngland,bythe16thcentury,itwaswr
11、ittensatyre.,Thewordsatirederivesfromsatura,anditsoriginwasnotinfluencedbytheGreekmythologicalfigureofthesatyr.Inthe17thcentury,philologistIsaacCasaubonwasthefirsttodisputetheetymologyofsatirefromsatyr,contrarytothebeliefuptothattime.Satireandhumor1.aughterisnotanessentialcomponentofsatire;8infactth
12、erearetypesofsatirethatarenotmeanttobefunny“atall.Conversely,notallhumor,evenonsuchtopicsaspolitics,religionorartisnecessarilysatirical”,evenwhenitusesthesatiricaltoolsofirony,parody,andburlesque.Evenlight-heartedsatirehasaseriousafter-taste”:theorganizersoftheIgNobclPrizedescribethisas“firstmakepeo
13、plelaugh,andthenmakethemthink”.3. SocialandpsychologicalfunctionsSatireandironyinsomecaseshavebeenregardedasthemosteffectivesourcetounderstandasociety,theoldestformofsocialstudy.Theyprovidethekeenestinsightsintoagroup,scollectivepsyche,revealingitsdeepestvaluesandtastes,andthesociety*sstructuresofpo
14、wer.Someauthorshaveregardedsatireassuperiortonon-comicandnon-artisticdisciplineslikehistoryoranthropology.InaprominentexamplefromancientGreece,philosopherPlato,whenaskedbyafriendforabooktounderstandAtheniansociety,referredhimtotheplaysofAristophanes.Historically,satirehassatisfiedthepopularneedtodeb
15、unkandridiculetheleadingfiguresinpolitics,economy,religionandotherprominentrealmsofpower.Satireconfrontspublicdiscourseandthecollectiveimaginary,playingasapublicopinioncounterweighttopower(beitpolitical,economic,religious, symbolic, or otherwise), instance, it forces administrations policies. Satire
16、* s job is to expose obligated to solve them. Karl KrausbychaiIengingleadersandauthorities.Fortoclarify,amendorestablishtheirproblemsandcontradictions,andit,snotsetinthehistoryofsatireaprominentexampleofasatiristroleasconfrontingpublicdiscourse.Foritsnatureandsocialrole,satirehasenjoyedinmanysocietiesaspecialfreedomlicensetomockprominentindividualsandinstitutions.Thesatiricimpulseanditsritualizedexpressions,carryoutthefunctionofres
