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1、Pzo三nalnsoosQo-qndPolicyResearchWorkingPaper10667reGlobalValueChainsWomenFriendlyinDevelopingCountries?EvidencefromFirm-1.evelDatapzuolnalnsoosQ9-qnC1.MarizeKallinyChahirZakiWOR1.DBANKGROUP*T7MiddleEastandNorthAfricaRegionOfficeoftheChiefEconomistJanuary2024PolicyResearchWorkingPaper10667AbstractDes
2、pitetheeffortsmadetoincreasewomensinclusionintheeconomy,theyarestillunderrepresentedintradeingeneralandinglobalvaluechainsinparticular.Thus,(hispaperaimsatexaminingtheimpactofglobalvaluechainsonwomenstradeparticipationasentrepreneursandemployees.Italsoanalyzeshowthiseffectismoderatedthroughexternal(
3、genderprovisionsintradeagreements)andinternal(investmentclimatevariables)factors.Theanalysisusesfirm-leveldatafor154developingeconomiesandemergingmarketswithaspecialfocusontheMiddleEastandNorthAfricaregion,beingoneoftheregionswiththelowestfemalelaborforceparticipation.Themainfindingsshowthatglobalva
4、luechainsintegrationincreasesthelikelihoodofbeingafemaleownerandtheshareoffemaleemployees,especiallyproductionones.Alessrobustnegativeeffectisfoundibrtheimpactonbeingafemaletopmanager.Theseeffectsaremoderatedbytheinclusionofgenderprovisionsintradeagreementsandbythecharacter-isticsoftheinvestmentclim
5、ate(especiallytaxpolicy,accesstofinance,andcorruption).Theseresultsremainrobustaftercontrollingfortheendogeneityofglobalvaluechainsusinganinstrumentalvariableapproachandapropensityscoreestimationmethodwherethetreatmentisbeingpartofaglobalvaluechains.Thus,globalvaluechainscanbeperceivedasatoolthatboo
6、stswomen,sempowermentinemergingeconomics,especiallyintheMiddleEastandNorthAfricaregion.ThispaperisaproductoftheOfficeoftheChiefEconomist,MiddleEastandNorthAfricaRegion.ItispartofalargereffortbytheWorldBanktoprovideopenaccesstoitsresearchandmakeacontributiontodevelopmentpolicydiscussionsaroundtheworl
7、d.PolicyResearchWorkingPapersarealsopostedontheWebathttp:/www.worldbank.org/prwp.Theauthorsmaybecontactedatchahir.zakifeps.edu.eg.hePolicyResearchWorkingPaperSeriesdissenibiatesthefifuimgsofw)rkinprogresstoencourageheexchangeofideasObOMldevelopmentissues.An(objectiveoftheseriesistogetthefitdingsoutq
8、uickly,evenifthepresentatiofisareIexsthanfullypolished.Thepaperscarrythenamesoftheauthorsandshouldbecitedaccordingly.Tliefindings,UUerpreUitions.amiconclusionsexpressedinthisIMlPerareentirelythoseofthewup,.TheydonotnecessarilyrepresenttheviewsoftheImemaiionalBankforReconsinciionandDevelopniefuZWorld
9、Bankanditsaffiliatedorganizations,orthoseoftheExecutiveDirectorsoftheWorldHankorthegovernmentstheyrepresent.Producedby(heResearchSupportTeamAreGlobalValueChainsWomenFriendlyinDevelopingCountries?EvidencefromFirm-1.evelDataTheauthorsgratefullyacknowledgethefinancialandanalyticalsupportfromtheOfficeof
10、theChiefEconomistfortheMiddleEastandNorthAfrica(MNACE)undertheregional1.aborandGenderResearchPrograms(TT1.s:NellyElmallakhandNazmulChaudhury).Thefindings,interpretations,andconclusionsexpressedinthispaperareentirelythoseoftheauthors.TheydonotnecessarilyrepresenttheviewsoftheInternationalBankforRecon
11、structionandDeveIopmentAVorIdBankanditsaffiliatedorganizations,orthoseoftheExecutiveDirectorsoftheWorldBankorthegovernmentstheyrepresent.TheauthorsaregratefultoMhamedBenSaleh,EnricoMarvasiandtheanonymousrefereesforconstructivefeedback.MarizeKallinyPhDCandidateatUniversityClermontAuvergne,CNRS.IRD,CE
12、RDI,F-63000Clermont-Ferrand,France.Assistant1.ecturerofEconomics,FacultyofEconomicsandPoliticalScience-CairoUniversity(onleave).Email:marize.kalliny(feps.edu.egChahirZakiChairedProfessorofEconomics,UniversityofOrldansand1.abord,Economicd,Orlcans,EconomicResearchForumandEMANES.Email:chahir.zaki()univ
13、-orleans.frJE1.Classification:F12,F16,F23,J16Keywords:GlobalValueChains,Gender,Empowerment,Firm-level,MENA1. IntroductionWomenhavealwaysplayedasignificantandpivotalroleintheeconomythroughtheirremarkablepresenceinbusiness,agriculture,industryandeventhroughtheirunpaidcarework.Despitetheeffortsmadetoin
14、creasewomen,sinclusionintheeconomy,around2.4billionwomendonothaveaccesstoequaleconomicopportunitiesasmenaccordingtotheWorldBank,sWomen,Businessandthe1.awreport(2022).Furthermore,basedonareportpublishedonwomenbytheUnitedNationsDevelopmentProgramme(UNDP),womenperform66%oftheworld,swork,produce50%ofthe
15、food,butearnonly10%oftheincome.Inaddition,differentstagesoftheproductionprocessareincreasinglybeingfragmentedacrossdifferentcountriesthroughglobalvaluechains(GVCs),especiallyinemergingeconomies.Forthisreason,thisstudyattemptstoassesstheimpactofGVCsonwomen,sempowermentininternationaltrade.Indeed,inre
16、centyears,theworldhaswitnessedagrowinginterestintheimpactofglobalizationoneconomicpatternsingeneralandgenderequalityinparticular.AsignificantfocushasbeenonthegenderimpactofGVCsastheyhaveproventheirpowertogenerateemployment,drivedevelopment,andincreaseincome.Thesevaluechainscanhelpwomenbyprovidingmoreincomethatcansupporttheireconomicempowermentbutcanalsodowngradethemtopoorlypaid
