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1、美国名人农场工人联盟领袖凯萨查维斯CesarChavez,1927-1993:HeOrganizedtheFirstSuccessfulFarmWorkersUnioninAmericaplaystopmutemaxvolume00:00-15:43repeatByRobertBrumfield2009-9-5VOICEONE:mNicoleNichols.VOICETWO:AndImSteveEmberwiththeVOASpecialEnglishProgram,PeopleinAmerica.Todaywetellaboutoneofthegreatlaboractivists,Cesa
2、rChavez.HeorganizedthefirstsuccessfulfarmworkersunioninAmericanhistory.(MUSIC)VOICEONE:CesarChavezCesarChavezwasbornonasmallfarmnearYUma,Arizonainnineteentwenty-seven.Inthelatenineteenthcentury,CesarioChavez,Cesarsgrandfather,hadstartedtheChavezfamilyfarmafterescapingslaveryonaMexicanfarm.CesarChave
3、zspenthisearliestyearsonthisfarm.Whenhewastenyearsold,however,theeconomicconditionsoftheGreatDepressionforcedhisparentstogiveupthefamilyfarm.Hethenbecameamigrantfarmworkeralongwiththerestofhisfamily.TheChavezfamilyjoinedthousandsofotherfarmworkerswhotraveledaroundthestateofCaliforniatoharvestcropsfo
4、rfarmowners.Theytraveledfromplacetoplacetoharvestgrapes,lettuce,beetsandmanyothercrops.Theyworkedveryhardandreceivedlittlepay.Thesemigrantworkershadnopermanenthomes.Theylivedindirty,crowdedcamps.Theyhadnobathrooms,electricityorrunningwater.1.iketheChavezfamily;mostofthemcamefromMexico.VOICETWO:Becau
5、sehisfamilytraveledfromplacetoplace,CesarChavezattendedmorethanthirtyschoolsasachild.Helearnedtoreadandwritefromhisgrandmother.MamaTeliaalsotaughthimabouttheCatholicreligion.ReligionlaterbecameanimportanttoolforMisterChavez.HeusedreligiontoorganizeMexicanfarmworkerswhowereCatholic.Cesarsmother,Juana
6、,taughthimmuchabouttheimportanceofleadinganon-violentlife.Hismotherwasoneofthegreatestinfluencesonhisuseofnon-violentmethodstoorganizefarmworkers.HisotherinfluencesweretheIndianactivistMahatmaGandhiandAmericancivilrightsleaderMartin1.utherKing,Junior.MisterChavezsaidhisrealeducationbeganwhenhemetthe
7、CatholicleaderFatherDonaldMcDonnell.CesarChavezlearnedabouttheeconomicsoffarmworkersfromthepriest.HealsolearnedaboutGandhisnonviolentpoliticalactionsaswellasthoseofothergreatnonviolentleadersthroughouthistory.VOICEONE:Innineteenforty-eight,MisterChavezmarriedHelenaFabelawhomhemetwhileworkinginthegra
8、pefieldsincentralCalifornia.TheysettledinSalSiPuedes.1.ater,whileMisterChavezworkedforlittleornomoneytoorganizefarmworkers,hiswifeharvestedcrops.Inordertosupporttheireightchildren,sheworkedunderthesamebadconditionsthatMisterChavezwasfightingagainst.Therewereotherimportantinfluencesinhislife.Inninete
9、enfifty-two,MisterChavezmetFredRoss,anorganizerwithaworkersrightsgroupcalledtheCommunityServiceOrganization.MisterChavezcalledMisterRossthebestorganizerheevermet.MisterRossexplainedhowpoorpeoplecouldbuildpower.MisterChavezagreedtoworkfortheCommunityServiceOrganization.VOICETWO:MisterChavezworkedfort
10、heorganizationforabouttenyears.Duringthattime,hehelpedmorethanfivehundredthousand1.atinocitizenstovote.Healsogainedold-ageretirementmoneyforfiftythousandMexicanimmigrants.Heservedastheorganizationsnationaldirector.However,innineteensixty-twozhelefttheorganization.Hewantedtodomoretohelpfarmworkersrec
11、eivehigherpayandbetterworkingconditions.Helefthiswellpaidjobtostartorganizingfarmworkersintoaunion.MisterChavezsworkaffectedmanypeople.Forexample,thefatherofMexican-AmericanmusicianZackdeIaRochaspenttimeworkingasanartdirectorforMisterChavez.MuchofthepoliticalmusicofdeIaRochasgroup,RageAgainsttheMach
12、ine,wasaboutworkersrights,likethissong,BombTrack.(MUSIC)VOICEONE:IttookMisterChavezandDeloresHuerta,anotherformerCSOorganizer,threeyearsofhardworktobuildtheNationalFarmWorkersAssociation.MisterChaveztraveledfromtowntotowntobringinnewmembers.Heheldsmallmeetingsatworkershousestobuildsupport.TheCalifor
13、nia-basedorganizationhelditsfirststrikeinnineteensixty-five.TheNationalFarmWorkersAssociationbecamenationallyknownwhenitsupportedastrikeagainstgrapegrowers.ThegroupjoinedastrikeorganizedbyFilipinoworkersoftheAgriculturalWorkersOrganizingCommittee.MisterChavezknewthatthosewhoactednon-violentlyagainst
14、violentactionwouldgainpopularsupport.MisterChavezaskedthatthestrikersremainnon-violenteventhoughthefarmownersandtheirsupporterssometimesusedviolence.VOICETWO:Onemonthafterthestrikebegan,thegroupbegantoboycottgrapes.Theydecidedtodirecttheiractionagainstonecompany,theSchenleyCorporation1Theunionfollow
15、edgrapetrucksanddemonstratedwhereverthegrapesweretaken.1.ater;unionmembersandFilipinoworkersbeganatwenty-fivedaymarchfromDelanotoSacramentozCalifornia,togainsupportfortheboycott.SchenleylatersignedalaboragreementwiththeNationalFarmWorkersAssociation.ltwasthefirstsuchagreementbetweenfarmworkersandgro
16、wersintheUnitedStates.VOICEONE:TheunionthenbegandemonstratingagainsttheDiGiorgioCorporation.ItwasoneofthelargestgrapegrowersinCalifornia.DiGiorgioheldavoteandtheInternationalBrotherhoodofTeamsterswaschosentorepresentthefarmworkers.ButaninvestigationprovedthatthecompanyandtheTeamstershadcheatedintheelection.Anothervotewasheld.CesarChavezagreedtocombinehisunionwithanotherandtheUnitedFarmWorkersOrganizingCommitt
