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1、中文4890字本科毕业论文（设计）外文翻译外文题目TheCoreComPetenCeOftheCOnX）ration外文出处HarVardBUSineSSReVieWMay-June1990外文作者普拉哈拉德原文：TheCoreCompetenceoftheCorporationThemostpowerfulwaytoprevailinglobalcompetitionisstillinvisibletomanycompanies.Duringthe1980s,topexecutiveswerejudgedontheirabilitytorestructure,declutter,anddel
2、ayertheircorporations.Inthe1990s,theyllbejudgedontheirabilitytoidentify,cultivate,andexploitthecorecompetenciesthatmakegrowthpossibleindeed,theyllhavetorethinktheconceptofthecorporationitself.ConsiderthelasttenyearsofGTEandNEC.Intheearly1980s,GTEwaswellpositionedtobecomeamajorplayerintheevolvinginfo
3、rmationtechnologyindustry.Itwasactiveintelecommunications.Itsoperationsspannedavarietyofbusinessesincludingtelephones,switchingandtransmissionsystems,digitalPABX,semiconductors,packetswitching,satellites,defensesystems,andlightingproducts.AndGTEsEntertainmentProductsGroup,whichproducedSylvaniacolorT
4、Vs,hadapositioninrelateddisplaytechnologies.In1980,GTE,ssaleswere$9.98billion,andnetcashflowwas$1.73billion.NEC,incontrast,wasmuchsmaller,at$3.8billioninsales.Ithadacomparabletechnologicalbaseandcomputerbusinesses,butithadnoexperienceasanoperatingtelecommunicationscompany.YetlookatthepositionsofGTEa
5、ndNECin1988.GTE,s1988saleswere$16.46billion,andNEC,ssaleswereconsiderablyhigherat$21.89billion.GTEhas,ineffect,becomeatelephoneoperatingcompanywithapositionindefenseandlightingproducts.GTE,sotherbusinessesaresmallinglobalterms.GTEhasdivestedSylvaniaTVandTelenet,putswitching,transmission,anddigitalPA
6、BXintojointventures,andcloseddownsemiconductors.Asaresult,theinternationalpositionofGTEhaseroded.NonU.S.revenueasapercentoftotalrevenuedroppedfrom20%to15%between1980and1988.NEChasemergedastheworldleaderinsemiconductorsandasafirsttierplayerintelecommunicationsproductsandcomputers.Ithasconsolidatedits
7、positioninmainframecomputers.Ithasmovedbeyondpublicswitchingandtransmissiontoincludesuchlifestyleproductsasmobiletelephones,facsimilemachines,andlaptopcomputersbridgingthegapbetweentelecommunicationsandofficeautomation.NECistheonlycompanyintheworldtobeinthetopfiveinrevenueintelecommunications,semico
8、nductors,andmainframes.Whydidthesetwocompanies,startingwithcomparablebusinessportfolios,performsodifferently?LargelybecauseNECconceivedofitselfintermsofcorecompetencies,andGTEdidnot.RethinkingtheCorporationOnce,thediversifiedcorporationcouldsimplypointitsbusinessunitsatparticularendproductmarketsand
9、admonishthemtobecomeworldleaders.Butwithmarketboundarieschangingevermorequickly,targetsareelusiveandcaptureisatbesttemporary.Afewcompanieshaveproventhemselvesadeptatinventingnewmarkets,quicklyenteringemergingmarkets,anddramaticallyshiftingpatternsofcustomerchoiceinestablishedmarkets.Thesearetheonest
10、oemulate.Thecriticaltaskformanagementistocreateanorganizationcapableofinfusingproductswithirresistiblefunctionalityor,betteryet,creatingproductsthatcustomersneedbuthavenotyetevenimagined)Thisisadeceptivelydifficulttask.Ultimately,itrequiresradicalchangeinthemanagementofmajorcompanies.Itmeans,firstof
11、all,thattopmanagementsofWesterncompaniesmustassumeresponsibilityforcompetitivedecline.Everyoneknowsabouthighinterestrates,Japaneseprotectionism,outdatedantitrustlaws,obstreperousunions,andimpatientinvestors.Whatishardertosee,orhardertoacknowledge,ishowlittleaddedmomentumcompaniesactuallygetfrompolit
12、icalormacroeconomicnrelief.BoththetheoryandpracticeofWesternmanagementhavecreatedadragonourforwardmotion.Itistheprinciplesofmanagementthatareinneedofreform.NECversusGTE,again,isinstructiveandonlyoneofmanysuchcomparativecasesweanalyzedtounderstandthechangingbasisforgloballeadership.Earlyinthe1970s,NE
13、Carticulatedastrategicintenttoexploittheconvergenceofcomputingandcommunications,whatitcalledHC&CSuccess,topmanagementreckoned,wouldhingeonacquiringcompetencies,particularlyinsemiconductors.Managementadoptedanappropriatestrategicarchitecture/summarizedbyC&C,andthencommunicateditsintenttothewholeorgan
14、izationandtheoutsideworldduringthemid1970s.NECconstitutedaC&CCommittee*1oftopmanagerstooverseethedevelopmentofcoreproductsandcorecompetencies.NECputinplacecoordinationgroupsandcommitteesthatcutacrosstheinterestsofindividualbusinesses.Consistentwithitsstrategicarchitecture,NECshiftedenormousresources
15、tostrengthenitspositionincomponentsandcentralprocessors.Byusingcollaborativearrangementstomultiplyinternalresources,NECwasabletoaccumulateabroadarrayofcorecompetencies.NECcarefullyidentifiedthreeinterrelatedstreamsoftechnologicalandmarketevolution.Topmanagementdeterminedthatcomputingwouldevolvefroml
16、argemainframestodistributedprocessing,componentsfromsimpleICstoVLSI,andcommunicationsfrommechanicalcrossbarexchangetocomplexdigitalsystemswenowcallISDN.Asthingsevolvedfurther,NECreasoned,thecomputing,communications,andcomponentsbusinesseswouldsooverlapthatitwouldbeveryhardtodistinguishamongthem,andthattherewouldbeenormousopportunitiesforanycompanythathadbuiltthecompetenciesneededtoserveallthreemarkets.NECtopmanagementdeterminedthatsemiconductorswoul
