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1、Medical Terminology（3）The Respiratory System呼吸系统 Introduction of the Respiratory system The main function of the respiratory system is to provide oxygen to body cells for energy metabolism and to eliminate carbon dioxide, a byproduct of metabolism. Because these gases must be carried to and from the
2、 cells in the blood, the respiratory system works closely with the cardiovascular system to accomplish gas exchange.The Lung:Exchange of gases between the atmosphere and the blood takes place in the lungs, two cone-shaped organs located in the thoracic cavity. A double membrane, the pleura(胸膜), cove
3、rs the lungs and lines the thoracic cavity. The outer layer that is attached to the wall of the thoracic cavity is the parietal pleura(胸膜壁层); the inner layer that is attached to the surface of the lungs is the visceral pleura(胸膜脏层). The very thin, fluid-filled space between the two layers of the ple
4、ura is the pleural space(胸膜腔).Upper Respiratory Passageway： Air enters through the nose, where it is warmed, filtered, and moistened as it passes over the hair-covered mucous membranes of the nasal cavity. Cilia(纤毛), microscopic hair-like projections from the cells that line the nose, sweep dirt and
5、 foreign material toward the throat for elimination. Material that is eliminated from the respiratory tract by coughing or clearing the throat is called sputum(痰). Inhaled air passes into the throat, or pharynx(咽), where it mixes with air that enters through the mouth and also with food destined for
6、 the digestive tract. The pharynx is divided into three regions: (1) an upper portion, the nasopharynx(鼻咽), behind the nasal cavity;(2) a middle portion, the oropharynx(口咽), behind the mouth; and (3) a lower portion, the laryngeal pharynx(喉咽), behind the larynx. The palatine tonsils(腭扁桃体) are on eit
7、her side of the soft palate(软腭) in the oropharynx; the pharyngeal tonsils, or adenoids(咽扁桃体), are in the nasopharynx.Lower Respiratory Passageways and Lungs The pharynx conducts air into the trachea, a tube reinforced with C-shaped rings of cartilage(软骨) to prevent its collapse. Cilia in the lining
8、of the trachea move impurities up toward the throat, where they can be eliminated by swallowing or by expectoration(咳痰). The larynx is shaped by nine cartilages, the most prominent of which is the thyroid cartilage at the front that forms the “Adams apple.” The opening between the vocal cords is the
9、 glottis(声门). The small leaf-shaped cartilage at the top of the larynx is called the epiglottis(会厌). When one swallows, the epiglottis covers the opening of the larynx and helps to prevent food from entering the respiratory tract.At its lower end, the trachea divides into a right and a left main ste
10、m bronchus(支气管干) that enter the lungs. The right bronchus is shorter and wider; it divides into three secondary bronchi that enter the three lobes(肺叶) of the right lung. The left bronchus divides into two branches that supply the two lobes of the left lung. The smallest of the conducting tubes, the
11、bronchioles(细支气管), carry air into the microscopic air sacs, the aveoli(肺泡), whrough which gases are exchanged between the lungs and the blood.The Process of Breathing:Air is moved into and out of the lungs by the process of breathing, technically called ventilation. This consists of a steady cycle o
12、f inspiration (inhalation) and expiration (exhalation), separated by a period of rest. The cycle begins when the phrenic nerve(膈神经) stimulates the diaphragm(隔膜) to contract and flatten, thus enlarging the chest cavity.I Suffix for RespirationROOTMEANINGEXAMPLEDEFINITION OF EXAMPLE-pneabreathingortho
13、pneaDifficulty in breathing except in an upright position(端坐呼吸)-oxiaLevel of oxygenhypoxiaDecreased amount of oxygen in the tissues(缺/低氧)-capniaLevel of carbon dioxidehypercapniaIncreased carbon dioxide in the tissues(高碳酸血症)-phoniavoicedysphoniaDifficulty in speaking(发音困难)Exercise 1: Use the suffix
14、-pnea to build a word with each of the following meanings:1. painful or difficult breathing dyspnea2. easy, normal (eu-) breathing 3. lack of (a-) of breathing 4. rapid rate(tachy-) of breathingDyspnea(呼吸困难呼吸困难) Eupnea(平静呼吸平静呼吸) Apnea(呼吸暂停呼吸暂停) Tachypnea(呼吸急促呼吸急促)II Roots for the Respiration Passage
15、waysROOTMEANINGEXAMPLEDEFINITION OF EXAMPLENas/o(拉丁词源)noseNasalPertaining to the noseRhin/o(希腊词源) noserhinorrheaDischarge from the nose(鼻漏)Pharyng/opharynxpharyngealPertaining to the pharynx(咽的)Laryng/olarynxlaryngoscopyEndoscopic exam of the larynx(喉镜检查)Trache/otracheatracheotomeInstrument used to
16、incise the trachea(气管刀)II Roots for the Respiration PassagewaysROOTMEANINGEXAMPLEDEFINITION OF EXAMPLEBronch/o, bronch/ibronchusbronchogenicOriginating in a bronchus(支气管源的)bronchiolbronchiolebronchiolectasisDilatation of the bronchioles(细支气管扩张)Exercise 2 :Write a word for each of the following definitions:1. near the nose paranasal 2. inflammation of the pharynx 3. pertaining to the larynx 4. endoscopic examination of a bronchus 5. inflammation of the bronchioles6. narrowing(-stenosis) of a bron
