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1、 马克思主义与社会科学方法论马克思主义与社会科学方法论 导言导言 The natural sciences talk about their results. The social sciences talk about their methods. Henri Poincare（彭加勒） 一、什么是社会科学一、什么是社会科学 1、恩格斯的定义、恩格斯的定义 社会科学又称历史科学，社会科学又称历史科学，“研究人的生活研究人的生活条件、社会关系、法律形式和国家形式以及它条件、社会关系、法律形式和国家形式以及它们的哲学、宗教、艺术等这些观念的上层建筑们的哲学、宗教、艺术等这些观念的上层建筑的历史科
2、学的历史科学”。（马克思恩格斯选集马克思恩格斯选集第第3 3卷，第卷，第128128页）页） 一、什么是社会科学一、什么是社会科学 2、意识形态化的理解、意识形态化的理解 “社会科学考察社会过程和人们的社会地社会科学考察社会过程和人们的社会地位、社会关系，同生产关系、社会制度及社会位、社会关系，同生产关系、社会制度及社会管理相联系，属于社会的意识形态管理相联系，属于社会的意识形态”。 19871987年出版的年出版的中国大百科全书中国大百科全书哲学卷哲学卷虽无虽无“社会科学社会科学”这一专门条目，这一专门条目，“科学科学”、“社会意识社会意识”、“意识形态意识形态”等条目的阐述。等条目的阐述。
3、 一、什么是社会科学一、什么是社会科学 3、西方学者的理解（一）、西方学者的理解（一） The social sciences are one of three divisions of science, along with natural science and formal science. Social science concerns itself with human aspects of the world, like the arts and humanities, although social science places more effort on experiment
4、ation and the scientific method. 一、什么是社会科学一、什么是社会科学 3、西方学者的理解（一续）、西方学者的理解（一续） Because the methods used the social sciences are often qualitative and based more on personal interpretation, they are often referred to as the “soft sciences” in contrast to the “hard” natural and formal sciences. （wiseGE
5、EK ） 一、什么是社会科学一、什么是社会科学 3、西方学者的理解（二）、西方学者的理解（二） Social science is the field of study concerned with society. Social science is commonly used as an umbrella term to refer to a plurality of fields outside of the natural sciences usually exclusive of the administrative or managerial sciences. （Wikipedi
6、a, the free encyclopedia） 二、社会科学的门类二、社会科学的门类 1、中国学者的界定、中国学者的界定 社会科学所涵盖的学科社会科学所涵盖的学科:政治学、经政治学、经济学、军事学、法学、教育学、文艺学、济学、军事学、法学、教育学、文艺学、史学、语言学、民族学、宗教学、社会学、史学、语言学、民族学、宗教学、社会学、新闻学等新闻学等 。 （百度百科的最佳答案）（百度百科的最佳答案） 二、社会科学的门类二、社会科学的门类 2、西方学者的界定、西方学者的界定 Anthropology, Archaeology, Criminology, Economics, Education,
7、 Government, Linguistics, International relations, Political science, Sociology, Geography, History, Law, and Psychology.（Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia） 二、社会科学的门类二、社会科学的门类 2、西方学者的界定、西方学者的界定人类学人类学Anthropology is the study of humanity. It has origins in the humanities, the natural sciences, and the
8、 social sciences. The term anthropology is from the Greek anthrpos , man, understood to mean mankind or humanity, and -logia (-), discourse or study, and was first used in 1501 by German philosopher Magnus Hundt. （Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia） 二、社会科学的门类二、社会科学的门类 2、西方学者的界定、西方学者的界定考古学考古学 Archaeolo
9、gy studies human history from the development of the first stone tools in eastern Africa 3.4 million years ago up until recent decades.It is of most importance for learning about prehistoric societies, when there are no written records for historians to study, making up over 99% of total human histo
10、ry。Archaeology has various different goals, which range from studying human evolution to cultural evolution and understanding culture history （Wikipedia） 二、社会科学的门类二、社会科学的门类 2、西方学者的界定、西方学者的界定犯罪学犯罪学 Criminology (from Latin , “accusation”; and Greek , -logia) is the scientific study of the nature, exte
11、nt, causes, and control of criminal behavior in both the individual and in society. Criminology is an interdisciplinary field in the behavioral sciences, drawing especially upon the research of sociologists (particularly in the sociology of deviance), psychologists and psychiatrists, social anthropo
12、logists as well as on writings in law. 图为犯罪学之父图为犯罪学之父Cesare Lombroso （Wikipedia） 二、社会科学的门类二、社会科学的门类 2、西方学者的界定、西方学者的界定政府学政府学Government refers to the legislators, administrators, and arbitrators in the administrative bureaucracy who control a state at a given time, and to the system of government by w
13、hich they are organized. Government is the means by which state policy is enforced, as well as the mechanism for determining the policy of the state. （The Blackwell Dictionary of Political Science: a Users Guide to its Terms. p. 14） 二、社会科学的门类二、社会科学的门类 2、西方学者的界定、西方学者的界定国际关系学国际关系学 International relati
14、ons (IR) (occasionally referred to as international studies (IS) is the study of relationships between countries, including the roles of states, inter-governmental organizations (IGOs), international nongovernmental organizations (INGOs), non-governmental organizations (NGOs) and multinational corpo
15、rations (MNCs). It is both an academic and public policy field, and can be either positive or normative as it both seeks to analyze as well as formulate the foreign policy of particular states. It is often considered a branch of political science (especially after 1988 UNESCO nomenclature), but an i
16、mportant sector of academia prefer to treat it as an interdisciplinary field of study. （Columbia Encyclopedia ） 二、社会科学的门类二、社会科学的门类 3、方法论的变革、方法论的变革 20世纪之交的美国社会科学的统计世纪之交的美国社会科学的统计学转向。学转向。Cattell在心理学，在心理学，Boas在人类在人类学、学、Giddings在社会学、在社会学、Moore在经济在经济学等使用统计学方法学等使用统计学方法 。（图为美国哥伦比亚大学（图为美国哥伦比亚大学Low Memorial Library ） 三、社会科学方法论与社会科学哲学三、社会科学方法论与社会科学哲学 自自20022002年起，教科文组织于每年的年起，教科文组织于每年的1111月第三个星期四在总部和总部外举办哲月第三个星期四在总部和总部外举办哲学日庆祝活动。学日庆祝活动。20052005年，应摩洛哥王国的建议，联合国教科文组织正式将每年，应摩洛哥王国的建议，联合国教科文组织正式将每年年1111月份的第三个星期四
