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1、托福作文写作范文详解ReadingTheUnitedKingdom(sometimesreferredtoasBritain)hasalongandrichhistoryofhumansettlement.Tracesofbuildings,tools,andartcanbefoundfromperiodsgoingbackmanythousandsofyears:fromtheStoneAgezthroughtheBronzeAgeztheIronAgezthetimeoftheRomancolonization,theMiddleAges7uptothebeginningsoftheind
2、ustrialage.Yetformostofthetwentiethcentury,thescienceofarchaeology-dedicatedtouncoveringandstudyingoldculturalartifactswasfacedwithseriousproblemsandlimitationsinBritain.Firstzmanyvaluableartifactswerelosttoconstructionprojects.ThegrowthofBritainspopulation,especiallyfromthe1950son,spurredalotofnewc
3、onstructioninBritishcities,towns,andvillages.Whilediggingfoundationsfornewbuildings,thebuildersoftenuncoveredarchaeologicallyvaluablesites.Usually,howeverztheyproceededwiththeconstructionanddidnotpreservetheartifacts.Manyarchaeologicallypreciousartifactswerethereforedestroyed.Second,manyarchaeologis
4、tsfeltthatthefinancialsupportforarchaeologicalresearchwasinadequate.Formostofthetwentiethcentury,archaeologywasfundedmostlythroughgovernmentfundsandgrants,whichallowedarchaeologiststoinvestigateahandfulofthemostimportantsitesbutwhichlefthundredsofotherinterestingprojectswithoutsupport.Furthermore,ch
5、anginggovernmentprioritiesbroughtaboutperiodicreductionsinfunding.Thirdzitwasdifficulttohaveacareerinarchaeology.Archaeologyjobsweretobefoundatuniversitiesorwithafewgovernmentagencies,buttherewerenevermanypositionsavailable.Manypeoplewhowantedtobecomearchaeologistsendeduppursuingothercareersandcontr
6、ibutingtoarchaeologicalresearchonlyasunpaidamateurs.ListeningIn1990znewrulesandguidelineswereadoptedinUnitedKingdomandthathadchangedthewholefeelofArchaeologyinthatcountry.Thenewguidelinesimprovedthesituationinall3areasdiscussedinthepassage.Firstzthenewguidelinesstatethatbeforeanyconstructionprojectc
7、anstartztheconstructionsitehastobeexaminedbyarchaeologiststoseewhetherthesiteisofarchaeologicalinterestorvalue.Ifthesiteisofarchaeologicalinterest,thenextstepisforthebuilders,archaeologistsandlocalgovernmentofficialstogettogetherandmakeaplanforpreservingthearchaeologicalartifacts,eitherbybuildingaro
8、undthemorbyexcavatingadocumentinthemproperlybeforetheconstructionisallowedtoproceed.Second,animportantpartofnewguidelinesistherulethatanyarchaeologicalworkdoneontheconstructionsitewillbepaidforbytheconstructioncompanynotbythegovernment.Theconstructioncompanyhastopayfortheinitialexaminationofthesitez
9、andthenforalltheworkcarriedoutunderthepreservationplan.Thisiswholenewsourceoffinancialsupport.Thefundingfromtheconstructioncompanyhasallowedresearcherstostudyafargreatrangeofarchaeologicalsitesthantheycouldinpast.Lastzthenewguidelinesprovidealotofpaidworkforarchaeologists,workthatdidztexistbefore.Ex
10、pertarchaeologistsarenowhiredallstageoftheprocesstoexaminethesiteforarchaeologicalvalue,thenhavetodropthepreservationplantodotheresearcherandprofessionalscientificmannerandfinallytoprocessthedataandwritereportsandarticles.TheincreasedjobcareeropportunitiesinArchaeologyhaveincreasedthenumberprofessio
11、nalarchaeologistsinBritainwhichisnowthehighestitseverbeen.一、阅读听力要点概括ReadingPassageMainpoints:ArchaeologywasfacedwithproblemsinBritain.Subpoint1:Valuableartifactwerelostinconstruction.Subpoint2:Financialsupporttoarchaeologyisfeltinadequate.Subpoint3:Itisdifficulttohaveacareerinarchaeology.LectureAtti
12、tude:Newguidelineshaveimprovedthesituation.SubPoint1:Archaeologistexaminesbuildingbeforeconstruction.(Makeaplan)SubPoint2:Companypaysforthearchaeologicalworkatconstruction.(Newfinancialsupport.)SubPoint3:Lotofpaidworkforarchaeologists.(HighestnumberinBritain.)二、范文逐段赏析Paragraph1Thewriterofthereadingp
13、assagepointedoutthatarchaeologyinBritainhadseriousproblemsandlimitations,whereastheprofessorassertedtheoppositebyintroducingnewguidelines,implementedbyUKin1990zthataresaidtohaveimprovedthesituationofarchaeology.此段功能：(Listeningpassage后文提到用L代替)(Readingpassage后文用R代替)以L的观点为主要观点，R的观点是，考古业在英国有十分多问题，但是L补充说
14、1990的新条例已经改变了行业现状。此段结构：作者分别总结了R观点和L观点，并指出L持相反意见Paragraph2First,thenewguidelinesprovidethataconstructionsitebeexaminedofitsarchaeologicalinterestbeforeanyprojectplannedonitcanproceed.Ifthesiteholdsarchaeologicalvalue,relevantpartiesmustprovideapreservationplantoprotectitsvalue.Thismeasuresuccessfully
15、addressesthefirstproblemmentionedinthereading:thelossofpreciousartifactsresultingfromconstructionprojects.此段功能：以L中的新政策起头，建筑工地首先要经过考古人员勘测才能动工。在有文物的地方，相关部门必须做出保护计划。这项新措施有力的保护了R中的漏洞，珍贵文物不会被随意摧毁了。此段结构：此段为分总结构，先写L中的新政策，再写具体措施。指出其修补的R的漏洞，达到反驳R的目的。Paragraph3Second,thenewguidelinesstatethattheconstructionco
16、mpaniesmustfundanyarchaeologicalworkdoneontheconstructionsite,fromtheinitialexaminationtothefollowingworkunderthepreservationplan.Thisruleprovidesanewsourceoffinancialsupportforarchaeologists.Italsoallowsmorearchaeologicalsitestobestudied,whichsolvesanotherproblemlistedinthereading:inadequatefunding.此段功能：还是以L的新政策起头，新政规定公司必须资助工地的考古行动，从开始检测到完善计划。这样就给考古业开辟了一个新的资金资助。从而解决了R中的问题：对考古业不公平的资助。此段结构：此段为分总结构。还是先写L中的新政策，再写具
