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1、托福作文写作范文详解综合写作ReadingAsearlyasthetwelfthcenturyA.D.zthesettlementsofChacoCanyoninNewMexicointheAmericanSouthwestwerenotablefortheirgreathouses/massivestonebuildingsthatcontainhundredsofroomsandoftenstandthreeorfourstorieshigh.Archaeologistshavebeentryingtodeterminehowthebuildingswereused.Whiletherei
2、sstillnouniversallyagreeduponexplanation,therearethreecompetingtheories.OnetheoryholdsthattheChacostructureswerepurelyresidential,witheachhousinghundredsofpeople.SupportersofthistheoryhaveinterpretedChacogreathousesasearlierversionsofthearchitectureseeninmorerecentSouthwestsocieties.Inparticular,the
3、Chacohousesappearstrikinglysimilartothelarge,well-knownapartmentbuildingsatTaoszNewMexico,inwhichmanypeoplehavebeenlivingforcenturies.AsecondtheorycontendsthattheChacostructureswereusedtostorefoodsupplies.OneofthemaincropsoftheChacopeoplewasgrainmaize,whichcouldbestoredforlongperiodsoftimewithoutspo
4、ilingandcouldserveasalong-lastingsupplyoffood.Thesuppliesofmaizehadtobestoredsomewhere,andthesizeofthegreathouseswouldmakethemverysuitableforthepurpose.Athirdtheoryproposesthathouseswereusedasceremonialcenters.ClosetoonehousezcalledPuebloAltozarchaeologistsidentifiedanenormousmoundformedbyapileofold
5、material.Excavationsofthemoundrevealeddepositscontainingasurprisinglylargenumberofbrokenpots.ThisfindinghasbeeninterpretedasevidencethatpeoplegatheredatPuebloAltoforspecialceremonies.Attheceremonies,theyatefestivemealsandthendiscardedthepotsinwhichthemealshadbeenpreparedorserved.Suchceremonieshavebe
6、endocumentedforotherNativeAmericancultures.ListeningProfessor:UnfortunatelynoneoftheargumentsaboutwhattheChacogreathouseswereusedforisconvincing.First,sure,fromtheoutside,thegreathouseslooklikelaterandnativeAmericanapartmentbuilding,buttheinsideofthegreathousescastsseriousdoubtontheideathatmanypeopl
7、elivedthere.llexplain.Ifhundredsofpeoplewerelivinginthegreathouses,thentherewouldhavetobemanyfireplaces,whereeachfamilydiditsdailycooking,butthereareveryfewfireplaces.Inoneofthelargestgreathouses,therewerefireplacesforonlyaroundtenfamilies.Yettherewereenoughroomsinthegreathouseformorethanahundredfam
8、ilies,sotheprimaryfunctionofthehousescouldnthavebeenresidential.Second,theideathatthegreathouseswereusedtostoregrainmaizeisunsupportedbyevidence.Itmaysoundplausiblethatlargeemptyroomswereusedforstorage,butexcavationsofthegreathouseshavenotuncoveredmanytracesofmaizeormaizecontainers.Ifthegreathousesw
9、ereusedforstorage,whyisnttheremorespilledmaizeonthefloor?Whyarenttheremoreremainsofbigcontainers?Third,theideathatthegreathouseswereceremonialcentersisntwellsupportedeither.YouknowthatmoundatPuebloAlto?Itcontainslotsofothermaterialsbesidesbrokenpots,stuffyouwouldntexpectfromceremonies.Forexample,the
10、rearelargequantitiesofbuildingmaterials,sands,stones,evenconstructiontools.Thissuggeststhatthemoundisjustatrashheapofconstructionmaterial,stuffthatwasthrownawayornotusedupwhenahousewasbeingbuilt.Thepotsinthepilecouldberegulartrashtoo,leftoverfromthemealsoftheconstructionworkers.SothePuebloAltomoundi
11、snotgoodevidencethatthegreathouseswereusedforspecialceremonies.阅读听力要点概括ReadingPassageMainpoints:3theoriesonthebuildingsinNewMexico.Subpoint1:Chacostructuresareresidential.Subpoint2:Chacousedtostorefood.Subpoint3:Chacousedforceremonialcenters.LectureAttitude:Noneconvincing.SubPoint1:Veryfewfireplaces
12、,residentialarenotprimaryfunction.SubPoint2:Notracesofmaizeorcontainers.SubPoint3:Containstuffnotfromceremonies.（Trashheap.）范文逐段赏析Paragraph1TheauthorofthereadingpassageproposesthreetheoriesaslikelyexplanationsoftheprimaryfunctionofChacoCanyonhouses,greatstructuresbuiltintheI2thcentury.Thelecturer,ho
13、wever,pointstotheinaccuraciesineachofthesetheories.此段功能：（Listeningpassage后文提到用L代替）（Readingpassage后文用R代替）开头段总结R认为有三个用途可以解释chacocanyon建筑，随后表明逻辑，L认为三个都不准确。此段结构：作者分清晰的复述了双方观点,辩论对象,为接下来的辩论做好了准备。Paragraph2Thelecturerarguesthatthemodestnumberoffireplacesinthesestructuresisincontradictionwiththeirhugesizes,
14、indicatingthatthesestructurescouldnothavebeenusedforresidentialpurposes.Thereadingpassage,however,drawscomparisonsbetweentheChacohousesandothersimilarlargeresidentialstructuresinsupportofthe“residential“theory.此段功能：作者用L继续引出第一点，L指出房间里没有很多壁炉，所以不太可能是住用途。R在这点上，用的是类比的手法，用别的和Chaco相似的住宅来证明Chaco也是住宅。此段结构：总分
15、结构。L和R互相陈列双方证据，L的证据给R造成了足够的怀疑,达到了证明notconvincing的效果。Paragraph3Thesecondtheory,thatthehouseswereusedforfoodstorage,isalsorejectedbythelecturer.Heexplainsthataplacethathadbeenusedforstoringmaizewouldhavemanytracesofscatteredmaize,whichisnotthecaseintheareaoftheChacoCanyonhouses.Thisprovidessupporttoth
16、eideathatthe”foodstoragetheoryzzisunlikely.此段功能：作者先陈述第二点理论，房间是用于食物储藏用途也被L推翻了。L说一个储存玉米的仓库起码会有碎玉米的痕迹，但是这些痕迹在Chaco根本找不到，无法支持这个储存理论。此段结构：此段为总分结构，在开头作者抛出结论后接着补充证据，达到反驳R了效果。Paragraph4Finally,regardingthethird“ceremony“theory,thelecturercontendsthatthepresenceofbrokenpotsclosetothegreathousesdoesnotoffersufficientproofthatthiswasaplaceforceremonialactivities.Hearguesthatthereareothermaterialssuchaspiecesof
