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1、PaSSaRe2TheChangingLandscapeofOceaniaSectionA-ThehumansettlementofOceania,fromtheearliestmigrationstoEuropeancolonization,hasreshapedthephysicallandscapeofthisregion.Environmentaldegradation-disturbancestoresourceslikeair;land,andwater-isaseriousconcernaseconomicgrowthoftencomesattheexpenseofenviron
2、mentalsustainability.InAustralia,forexample,widestretchesofpreviouslysparselyinhabitedOutbackhavebecomegrazinglands.InPapuaNewGuineaillegallogginghascontributedtosignificantdeforestation.PollutionfromdairyinginNewZealandhasledtohighlevelsofwaterpollution.SectionB-Invasivespecieshavealsohadsignifican
3、tenvironmentalimpactsinaregionthathasbeenotherwiserelativelyisolated.Australiahasadoptedasystemofstrictquarantineinanattempttolimitdamagefromnon-nativeplantsandanimals.Thecountrycurrentlyspendsaround$4billionyearlyininvasiveweedmanagementalone.CatshavebeenbannedinpartsofNewZealandwheretheyposeathrea
4、ttolocalbirdspecies.RatsbroughtbyearlyEuropeanshipshavepresentedasignificantproblemformanyislandsofthePacific,wheretheykillotherplantsandanimalsandalsospreaddisease.Offshore,invasivefishandalgaespecieshavedamagedfragileoceanecosystems.SectionC-Inadditiontolocalpollutionconcerns,humansettlementofothe
5、rworldregionshascontributedtopollutioninthePacificOcean.Worldwide,therearefivemainoceangyres,largesystemsofrotatingoceancurrents.InthenorthernPacificOcean,onegyrehasveryhighconcentrationsoftrashandplasticscarriedtotheareabyoceancurrents.IthasbeentermedtheGreatPacificgarbagepatch.Whenyouthrowsomethin
6、gzzawayz,improperly,thesegyresarereallywhereawayis.AwaterbottleimproperlydisposedofonthewesterncoastofNorthAmericawillmakeitswaytotheGreatPacificgarbagepatchinaroundsixyears.SectionD-Oneissuewithplasticsisthattheydon/tbiodegradezandinsteadkeepbreakingdownintosmallerpieceswhilestillremainingplastic.F
7、ishandothermarinelifeeatthesetinybitsofplasticzwhichcandisruptanumberofbiologicalsystems.Someofthesefishspeciesarethenconsumedbyhumans.BecausetheGreatPacificgarbagepatchcontainssuchsmallpiecesofplastic,andmostoftheplasticisbelowthesurfaceoftheocean,itisnoteasilyvisiblewiththenakedeyeanditisdifficult
8、toestimateitssize.SomehavetheorizedthepatchisasbigasorbiggerthantheUSstateofTexas,whileothersnotethattheideaofa“patch“ofgarbageisreallyamisnomerasthereareconcentrationsoftrashthroughouttheworld/soceans.SectionE-TrashfromotherworldregionsalsowashesupalongtheshoresofthePacificislands.KamiloBeachinHawa
9、iiisthesiteofasignificantamountofplasticthathaswashedashorefromtheGreatPacificgarbagepatch,somuchsothattheareahasbeennicknamedzzPIasticBeach”.Thoughtheshorelinelookssandy,90percentofitisactuallybitsofplasticandyouwouldhavetodigdownatleastonefoottoreachgrainsofsand.Plastictrashlittersmanyoftheshoreli
10、nesofthePacificislands,presentingahazardformarinelifeandamanagementandcleanupchallengesincedebrisoftencomesfromthousandsofmilesaway.QD国IELTSADVANTAGESectionF-Itischangesinglobalclimate,howevecthatposethemostsevereenvironmentalthreattoOceania.Formanyoftheworldsregions,changesinclimateareviewedashypot
11、hetical.Hurricanesmightincreaseinintensity.Theriskoffiremightincrease.ChangesinbirdmigrationsinEuropeandNorthAmericatoshiftsinglobalfishstockshavealreadybeenlinkedtoincreasesinglobaltemperaturebutwithlittledirecteffectonthehumanpopulationsoftheseregions.InOceania,though,smallincreasesintemperaturean
12、doceanlevelscouldhavedisastrouseffectsonalreadyfragileecosystemsandeconomies.TheGreatBarrierReefiscurrentlyexperiencingperiodsofcoralbleachingduetoincreasingoceantemperatures.Whenwatersgettoowarm,coralexperience“stress“andexpelthecolorful,algae-likeorganismsthatlivewithinthem.Masscoralbleachinghasoc
13、curredseveraltimessincethelate1990sandisexpectedtobecomearegularoccurrenceasoceantemperaturescontinuetorise.Coralbleachinghasalsobeendocumentedinotherreefs,includingonesinHawaii.SomeoftheleadersofthePacificislandshavebeenamongthemostvocalchampionsforglobalclimateregulations.Speakingin2015ztheprimemi
14、nisterofFiji,FrankBainimaramadidnotmincewords:Unlesstheworldactsdecisivelyinthecomingweekstobeginaddressingthegreatestchallengeofourage,thenthePacific,asWeknowit,isdoomed/Fijihasalreadyexperiencedanincreaseininfectiousdiseasesrelatedtohighertemperatures,record-breakinghightides,andhashadtorelocateci
15、tizensduetorisingoceanlevels.TherisingoceansinthePacificandtheconcentrationsofpollutionfoundinthisregionarestarkremindersofourinterconnectedworld.Inmanyways,thefutureofOceaniawillbedecidedbytheactionsofglobalcitizensandleaders.Source:https:SOCiClISCi.libretexts.orq/BOOkShelVeS/Geoaraphy(HUmCm)/Book%
16、3AWoddReqiOnalGeOCJrMy(FinlaySOn)10%3AOCeaniCl10.05%3ATheChCmqinqLCmdSCaPeOfOCeemiaQuestions25-27ChoosetheappropriatelettersA,B,CorDWriteyouranswersinboxes25-27onyouranswersheet.25. Accordingtothetext,theGreatPacificgarbagepatchA. canbeseentoconsistmostlyofplastic.B. isknowntobenearlyaslargeasTexas.C. isofanunknownsize.D. isbelievedbysometostretchtoalltheworldsoceans.26. CoralA. changetheirbehaviourasaresultofexposuretoacertainamountofheat.B.
