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1、美国总统15亚伯拉罕林肯(3)AbrahamLincoln:Martyr(PartThree)playstopmutemaxvolume-14:0400:00repeatByKellyJeanKelly18June,2017VOALearningEnglishpresentsAmericasPresidents.TodayWewillfinishourstoryaboutAbrahamLincoln.HeledtheUnitedStatesduringtheCivilWar.Thatconflictlastedfrom1861to1865.Initzthesouthernstatesofthe
2、ConfederacybattledtheNorthernstatesoftheUnion.Asawartimepresident,Lincolnwasknownforseveralthings.Hewasactivelyinvolvedinplottingthemilitarycampaign.WhenLincolnwasunhappywiththeperformanceofhistopgenerals,hedismissedthem.Healsogreatlyincreasedthepowerofthepresidency,evenbeyondwhattheU.S.Constitution
3、permitted.AndzLincolnstruckattheissueattheheartoftheCivilWar:slavery.HeorderedthatenslavedpeopleintheConfederatestatesbeforeverfree.HisorderiscalledtheEmancipationProclamation.GettysburgSevenmonthsaftertheEmancipationProclamationwentintoeffect,theConfederacyandtheUnionclashedinthebloodiestbattleofth
4、eCivilWar.ThearmyofConfederateGeneralRobertE.Leewasontheoffensive.LeeplannedtomovethefightingoutoftheSouthandinvadetheNorth.HewonamajorvictoryagainstUnionforcesatChancellorsvillezVirginia.ThenhepushedacrossMarylandandintoPennsylvania.AUnionarmyzledbyGeneralGeorgeMeadezmetLee,stroopsnearasmall,crossr
5、oadstowncalledGettysburg.InthefirstdaysofJuly1863-alittlemorethantwoyearsafterthestartoftheCivilWar-ConfederateandUniontroopseachstruggledtoclaimtheterritory.Bothsidessufferedmassivecasualties.ButLeebelievedConfederatetroopswereclosetowinning,andthatMeadehadspreadhissoldiersthin.So,onthethirddayOffi
6、ghtingzheorderedadirectattackonUnionforces.Lee,ssoldiersaimedatthecenteroftheUnionline,positionedbehindstonewallsatthetopofaridge,orraisedarea.Confederatesfirstusedcannonstofireartilleryattheridge.Thenabout15z000Confederatesoldiersbeganmarchingacrossmorethanakilometerofanopenfield.TheUnionsoldiersbe
7、hindthewallsfiredonthem.TheConfederateattackonUnionforcesonJuly3,1863isknownasPickettsChrage.(PhotobyRonCogswell)Atthesametime,moreUnionforcesattackedtheConfederatesoldiersontheleftandright.Inhalfanhour,three-quartersofthesoldiersintheopenfieldhadbeenkilledorwounded.Thousandsmoreoneachsidealsodied.T
8、hesurvivingConfederateforcesquicklywithdrewandwaitedforMeadetoattackagain.ButzmuchtoLincolnsdissatisfaction,hedidnot.Thefollowingmorning,LeeledthesurvivorsbacktoVirginia.Heleftbehind28,000soldiersdead,woundedormissing,morethanone-thirdofhistotalarmy.TheUnionhadsuffered23,000casualties,almostasmany.G
9、ettysburgAddressTheBattleofGettysburgisimportantinAmericanhistoryforseveralreasons.Oneisthelargenumberofkilledandwoundedsoldiers-thelargestuntilWorldWarIIinthe20thcentury.Anotherreasonisbecauseitwasaturningpointinthewar.ItendedLeesinvasionoftheNorthandweakenedhisarmypermanently.Overthesamedays,Union
10、troopswonanothermajorvictoryunderGeneralUlyssesS.GrantinthesoutherncityofVicksburgzMississippi.ThebattlesatVicksburgandGettysburgbegantoturntheconflicttotheUnionsfavor.Finally,theBatleofGettysburgisalmostalwayslinkedtoaspeechLincolngavethere,knownastheGettysburgAddress.Itisonlyabout270wordslong.Buti
11、tisoneofthemostfamousspeechesinAmericanhistory.1.incolnspokeattheopeningofacemeteryforallthesoldierswhohaddiedatGettysburg.Buthealsousedtheeventtospeaktotheentirecountryaboutthewar.HesaidtheconflictwasatestofwhethertheAmericanformofgovernmentcouldsurvive.Thatiszagovernmentofthepeople,bythepeople,for
12、thepeople.HealsopointedtotheDeclarationofIndependenceasthecountrysfoundingdocument.Hesaidthenationhadbeenconceivedinliberty.And,hesaidzitwasdedicatedtotheideathatallmenarecreatedequal.Historianshavenotedthat,inthespeech,Lincolnchangedthereasoningbehindthewareffort.Itcontinuedtobeastruggletoreuniteth
13、ecountry.ButaftertheGettysburgAddress,itwasalsomoreclearlyastruggletofreeenslavedpeople.SurrenderatAppomattoxCourthouseIn1864zLincolnwonre-electiontoasecondtermaspresident.HisnewvicepresidentwasSenatorAndrewJohnsonfromtheSouthernstateofTennessee.Attheswearing-inceremony,thepresidentspokeabouttheneed
14、fortheNorthandSouthtocometogetheragainpeacefully.AbrahamLincolngivinghisSecondInauguralAddressinMarch1865Inthatspeech,hisfamousSecondInaugural,LincolncalledonallAmericanstofinishthewar.Heurgedthemtocareforthewounded,thewivesandchildrenofsoldierskilledinbattle,andtoseekajustandlastingpeace.Mostimport
15、antly,LincolnaskedAmericanstoreunitewithmalicetowardnone,withcharityforall.Inotherwords,withrespectandkindness.AfewweeksIaterzthewareffectivelyended.1.incolnsmilitaryplanhadworked.Hehadfinallyfoundtwogeneralswhomhetrusted:UlyssesS.GrantandWilliamT.Sherman.Shermanledacampaignacrossthesouthernstates.H
16、ispaththroughGeorgia,fromthecityofAtlantatothecityofSavannah,wasknownasShermansMarchtotheSea.Themarchdestroyedfarmsandhousesalongtheway.Thedestructionwasterrible.Itwasalsoeffective.TheConfederateArmywasleftwithlittlefoodorcommunication.Atthesametime,GrantsurroundedLee,sarmyinVirginia.GrantcuttheseSoutherntroopsofffromsupplies,too.1.eerealizedhemustsurrenderto
