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1、美国总统31富兰克林德拉诺罗斯福2FranklinRoosevelt:Powerful(Part2)playstopmutemaxvolume00:00-14:02repeatByKellyJeanKelly08October,2017VOALearningEnglishpresentsAmericasPresidents.TodaywearetalkingaboutFranklinDelanoRoosevelt.Earlierwetoldabouthisrisetopower,andhishealthproblems.Whenhewas39yearsold,FDR-ashewasoftenc
2、alled-becameparalyzedfromthewaistdown.Hewasneverabletowalkindependentlyagain.Butthatdidnotpreventhimfrombecomingoneofthecountrysmostpowerfulpresidents.Presidency:TheGreatDepressionandtheNewDealWhenFDRtookoffice,theUnitedStateswasinasevereeconomicdepression.Manyfarmerswerenotabletoselltheircropsforpr
3、ofit.Banksacrossthecountryhadfailed.AnumberofAmericanslosttheirsavingsandtheirhomes.Andmorethan25%oftheworkforcedidnothaveajob.YetwhenFDRtookofficein1933,hetoldpeople,Theonlythingwehavetofearisfearitself.WhenAmericansthinkofFDR,theyoftenthinkofthatstatement.Itshowedhisspiritofhopeandconfidenceforwhi
4、chhebecameknown.AmericansalsorememberFDRforthewayhebeganhispresidency.Inhisfirst100days,hesignedmorethan70billsintolaw.Someledtomajorchangesinthecountry.Theyhelpedcalmthecountrysbankingindustry,providedfederalaiddirectlytofarmersandtheunemployed,andcreatedpublicworksprograms.Theactsformedthebaseofwh
5、atFDRandotherscalledtheNewDeal.SomeNewDealprograms-includingtheCivilianConservationCorpsandtheTennesseeValleyAuthority-createdgovernment-fundedjobs.Inadditiontoprovidingapaycheckforworkers,theprogramsweremeanttoimproveandcareforthecountrysnaturalresources.Forexample,workersplantedtrees,maderoads,and
6、builtdamsandpowerplants.Americanscontinuetoexperiencetheeffectsoftheseprogramstoday.ThisphotowastakenmomentsbeforeU.S.PresidentFranklinD.RooseveltbeganhishistoricfiresidechattotheAmericanpeopleonMarch12,1933.FDRisalsorememberedforthewayhecommunicatedwiththepublic.Atthattime,asmanyas90%OfAmericansown
7、edaradio.So,fromtimetotime,FDRspoketothepubliconradiobroadcaststhatbecameknownasfiresidechats.Thetermcreatedanimageofthepresidentsittingcomfortablynearafireplace,talkinginformallywithafewclosefriends.Infact,FDRgavethesetalksfromhisofficeintheWhiteHouse.Buthisvoicewaswarm,andhespokeinaneasy,conversat
8、ionalwaytolisteners,whomhecalledmyfriends.ThecombinationofFDRshope,energy,andaffectionateconcernforeverydayAmericansmadehimpopularwithmanyvoters.Hewasre-electedeasilyin1936.ButFDRhadcritics,too.Somepointedoutthatmanyofhisprogramsfailed.Theycostalotofmoneyorweresimplynoteffective.OtherssaidthatFDRspo
9、licyofmassivegovernmentinterventionwasnotAmerican.Itrestrictedcapitalismandthefreemarket.StillothersobservedthatFDRsprogramsdidnothelpeveryoneequally.ManyNewDealprogramsaimedtoputyoung,whiteAmericanmentowork.Womenzracialminorities,andolderAmericanswereoftenoverlooked.Criticsandsupportersalikealsonot
10、edthatFDRgreatlyexpandedthepowerofthepresidency.Headdedanumberoffull-timepositionstotheexecutivebranchofgovernment.AndhetookonthepowerofCongresstomakelaws.EventheSupremeCourtfoundthatFDRhad,insomecases,gonetoofar.Itruledthatsomeofhisactionswereillegal.FDRworriedthattheSupremeCourtwouldblockmanyofhis
11、otherNewDealprograms,too.Soheproposedarule.Itwouldgivethepresidentpowertoappointsixnewmemberstothenine-membercourt.HisappointmentswouldalmostcertainlymakesurethathisNewDealprogramscouldcontinue.ManyhistorianspointtoFDRseffortsatcourt-packingasoneofthemostextremeexamplesofhisattemptstoexpandpresident
12、ialpower.ButCongressdidnotacceptFDRsproposal.NinejusticesremainedontheSupremeCourt.However,thosejusticeswentontoapproveFDRsactionsanyway.TheysupportedprogramssuchasSocialSecurity,whichwassetuptohelpolderadults,disabledpeople,andotherswhoneededsupport;andtheWagnerAct,whichpermittedworkerstoorganizein
13、atradeunion.WhiletheseeffortsandotherprogramswereimportantpartsofFDRsreformefforts,theydidnotstoptheGreatDepression.NoneoftheNewDealprogramsreallydid.Theeconomycontinuedtostruggle.Presidency:DeclarationofwarForseveralyears,thepresidenthadbeenwarninglawmakersandotherAmericansaboutthepoliticalforcesin
14、Japan,Germany,andItaly.Leadersinthosecountriessupportednationalistmovementsandhadalreadyinvadedortakencontrolofotherareas.By1941,morethan30countrieswereinvolvedintheconflict.ManyAmericanshadwantedtheU.S.toremainneutral.TheyregrettedbecominginvolvedinWorldWarI.Foryears,theyhadtakenstepstopreventanoth
15、ermajorinternationalconflict.LawmakershadevenbannedtheU.S.governmentfromsellingorgivingweaponstowarringcountries.ButFDRbelievedWorldWarIIwasdifferent.HebelievedthatGermanywastheclearaggressorandneededtobestopped.So,inthe1930szFDRreceivedpermissionfromCongresstoprovideweaponstothecountriesopposingGer
16、many.AfterGermanytookcontrolofFrance,FDRreceivedpermissiontogivedirectmilitaryaidtoBritain.Inaddition,FDRbeganpreparingtheU.S.militaryforwar.OnDecember7,1941zJapaneseforcesbombedAmericanshipsattheU.S.NavybaseinPearlHarbor,Hawaii.Morethan2z400AmericansdiedatPearlHarborzandmorethanlz700werewounded.ThedayafterPearlHarborwasattacked,CongressquicklyapprovedFDRsrequesttodeclarewaragainstJapan.Th
