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1、美国总统4詹姆斯麦迪逊JamesMadison:NotYourEverydayPoliticianVOALearningEnglishpresentsAmericasPresidents.JamesMadisonwaselectedin1808.Hewasacapablepresidentwhoservedtwoterms.ButmostAmericansdonotrememberMadisonforhispresidency.Theyrememberhimforworkhedidearlier.AftertheRevolutionaryWar,inwhichtheAmericancoloni
2、stsseparatedfromBritain,MadisonproposedthatthenewUnitedStatesformastrongernationalgovernment.AftertheRevolutionaryWar,inwhichtheAmericancolonistsseparatedfromBritain,MadisonproposedthatthenewUnitedStatesformastrongernationalgovernment.Madisonsvisionforathree-partgovernment-withanexecutive,alegislatu
3、re,andanindependentSupremeCourt-becamethebasisfortheConstitutionwestillusetoday.MadisonwentontopersuadevoterstoaccepttheproposedConstitution.Heexplainedhowasystemofchecksandbalanceswouldpreventanyonepartofgovernmentfrombecomingtoopowerful.JamesMadison:U.S.presidentfrom1809-1817Andzwhenvotersdemanded
4、moreprotectionforindividualliberties,MadisonwrotetheamendmentsthatbecametheBillofRights.TheseactionsearnedMadisonthenameFatheroftheConstitution/OppositesattractMadisondidnothavetheappearanceofmostpoliticians.Hewasashortmanwithasoftvoicewhohadbeensickoftenasachild.HegrewupinawealthyfamilyinVirginia.H
5、elikedtoreadbooks,andtostudy.HewenttocollegeattheschoolthatlaterbecamePrincetonUniversityinNewJersey.WhentheRevolutionaryWarstarted,MadisonzSintelligenceandknowledge-aswellasfamilymoney-helpedhimparticipateindebatesaboutindependence.MadisonalsoheldpositionsinthenewAmericangovernmenthehelpedcreate,in
6、cludingassecretaryofstateunderPresidentThomasJefferson.Madisondidnothavemuchofapersonallife.ManypeopleweresurprisedwhenhemarriedayoungwidownamedDolleyPayneTodd.Shewas26;hewas43.Thecoupledidnothavechildren,buttheyraisedMrs.MadisonzSsurvivingsontogether.Madisondidnothavemuchofapersonallife.Manypeoplew
7、eresurprisedwhenhemarriedayoungwidownamedDolleyPayneTodd.Shewas26;hewas43.Thecoupledidnothavechildren,buttheyraisedMrs.Madison,ssurvivingsontogether.Storiessuggestthetwowereveryhappy,althoughtheyhaddifferentpersonalities.DolleyMadisonwasenergetic,warm,andsocial.Shelovedtothrowparties-andherguestslov
8、edtoattendthem.HistorianCatherineAllgornotesDolleyMadisonoftendresseddramatically-includingwearingturbanscoveredwithpeacockfeathers.Herweeklygatheringsatthepresidentshouseweresocrowdedthattheybecameknownassqueezes.,zAsfirstIadyzDolleyMadisondidnotfollowherhusband,sideaofastrictseparationofpowers.She
9、invitedofficialsfromallpartsofthegovernmenttoherparties,aswellaspeoplefromopposingpoliticalgroups.AllgorsaysDolleyMadisonsucceededinmakingthepresidentshouseasymbolofunityandglamor.Sheremainsoneofthebest-knownandmost-lovedfirstladiesinU.S.history.Buthiswife,spopularitycouldnotpreventMadisonfromfacing
10、adifficultpresidency.ConflictabroadandathomeDuringhisfirstterm,theU.S.facedincreasinglytenserelationswithBritain.MadisonaccusedtheBritishofinterferingwithinternationaltradeandseizingAmericansailors.Atthesametime,European-AmericansettlersblamedtheBritishforhelpingnativetribesfightagainstthem.But,thes
11、ettlershadviolatedtreatiesbetweentheU.S.governmentandtheNativeAmericans.In1811,nativewarriorsattackedU.S.soldiersattheBattleofTippecanoeintoday,sstateofIndiana.AU.S.generalnamedWilliamHenryHarrisonledhistroopstofightback.Theresultwasnotclear,butHarrisondeclaredvictory.ThefollowingyearzMadisonpropose
12、dwaragainstBritain.Congressapproved.TheWarof1812began.Warof1812FormostofthewarzAmericanforcesfailed.Butin1813,theyhadtwonotablevictoriesinCanada.TheycapturedandburnedthecityofYork,inToronto.DuringtheWarof1812zNativeAmericantribeslostsovereigntyoftheirlandsacrosstheOldNorthwest,eventuallyleadingtorem
13、ovalsofIndiancommunitiestoreservationswestoftheMississippi.AndGeneralHarrisonhadanothermajorfightwithnativewarriorsattheBattleoftheThames.TheNativeAmericansweredefeated.Theleaderofthetribalalliance,Tecumsehzdiedfromthewoundshereceivedthere.Thatlossended,forthemostpart,theeffortsofeasternNativeAmeric
14、antribestopushbackwhitesettlers.In1814zthewarturnedagain.BritishsoldierstooktheU.S.capitalofWashington,DC.Madisonhadalreadyleftthepresidentshousetomeetwithgeneralsinthefield.DolleyMadisonremained.ButwhenshelearnedtheBritishwereapproachingquickly,sheacted.Shefamouslyorderedherservants,aswellasa15-yea
15、r-oldhouseslavenamedPaulJenningsztotakedownapaintingofGeorqeWashington.Theservants,slaves,firstIadyzandpaintingallescapedtosafety.AviewfromthePotomacRiverofWashington,D.C.underattackbyBritishforcesunderMajorGeneralRosszAugust24,1814.CommandersoftheBritishforcetookagroupofmentotheCapitolbuildingandse
16、titonfire.Then,theywenttothepresidentshouse.Theyfoundthetablesetfordinner.TheBritishcommandersstoppedtotoastthepresidentbeforetheyburnedhishome.BythetimeWashington,D.C.burned,AmericanandBritishofficialswerealreadyinpeacetalks.ButintheU.S.,onemoremajorbattlewasbeingfought.AmilitiageneralnamedAndrewJacksonledaragtagarmyagainstaBritishattackinNewOrleans,Louisiana.TheAmericans/rainofbulletsandshellswassodead
