《2023终极八篇第八篇原文+题目.docx》由会员分享，可在线阅读，更多相关《2023终极八篇第八篇原文+题目.docx（4页珍藏版）》请在第壹文秘上搜索。
1、Eversinceitsfirstantitrustlawpassedin1890,Americahasarguedoverwhattrustbustingisfor.Oneschool,namedafterLouisBrandeis,ajudge,holdsthatbigcompaniesmustbetamedbecausetheycorruptpoliticsanddamagecustomers,competitorsandstaff.Theothersaysthegoalofantitrustistoprotectthewelfareofconsumers,whichcanbeenhan
2、cedbybig,efficientfirms.Fordecadestheconsumerapproachhasbeenascendant,butnowtheconsensushasfrayedandtrustbustersareheadinginaBrandeisiandirection.Thisisamistake.Competitionpolicyneedsreforms,tocorrectpastfailingsandtoadapttothedigitaleconomy.Yetitshouldcontinuetobebasedontheprinciplethatconsumersare
3、whatcount.Ashifttowardsmorepoliticisedandexpansiveantitrustistakingplaceacrosstherichworld.Sincethe1990stheEUhastendedtoputconsumers*interestsfirst,butnowitscommissionerwantstoapplyaz,broadernotionz,ofharm.Lawmakerseverywhereareredraftingrulestoconstraintechnologyfirms,evenwhentheirproductsarepopula
4、randfree.OnJanuary20thAmerica*SSenateJudiciaryCommitteeapproved,withbipartisansupport,abillthatwouldbantechgiantsfromusingtheirplatformstofavourtheirownservices.Thenewexpansiveandstridentapproachistempting,butitdidnotworkwellinthepast.Standingupforconsumers,whoarediffuse,doesnotcomenaturallytopoliti
5、cianswhotendtoindulgevocalandconcentratedinterests,suchasincumbentfirms,lobbyistsandunions.Beforetheconsumerwelfarestandardemergedinlegaljudgmentsinthe1970sand1980s,America*strustbustingwascapricious.ThechangeishappeningbecausecompetitionpolicyhasfallenshortInAmericatheconsumerwelfarestandardisassoc
6、iatedwithrulingsthatmakeitdifficultfortrustbusterstowinincourtunlesstheycanmeetabstruselegaltestsprovingthatafirmhasraisedorwillraiseprices.Competitionauthoritieshavelostcasestheyshouldhavewon,suchaswhenSprintandT-Mobilemerged,takingthenumberofmobilenetworksdowntothree.Theauthoritiesbecamegun-shyabo
7、utbringingcases.Betweenthe1990sand2010stheaveragenumberofmergersinvestigatedperyearbytheDepartmentofJusticefellfrom180to70,despitefranticindustryconsolidation.Sleepytrustbustersmissedtheriseofbigtech.Insteadofaimingtoprotecteveryone,openingthedoortoclumsyinterventions,trustbustersshouldreformthecons
8、umerstandard.Regulatorsandgovernments,especiallyinEurope,mustberealisticabouttheirabilitytoanticipateconsumers*needsandshouldnotpursuefirmspurelybecausetheyhavegrownbigbybeinguseful.ThelargeandfluidtechecosystemsofferedbyAlphabet,Amazon,Appleandothersshowthecomplexityofthetask:theyareinaninnovativep
9、hasewithnewservicesbeingcreatedthatarehighlypopularandtheyincreasinglycompetewitheachother.Itwouldbeeasytoerodethequalityoftheirproductswithill-judgedrules.Ql:ItissuggestedinthefirsttwoparagraphsthattrustbustinginAmericaA. MainlyconcentratedonconsumerprotectionB. havefollowedtheBrandeisianapproachCJ
10、acksaconsistencyinpolicyorientatioD.IsnotfitfordigitaleconomyQ2:TheprimarygoalfortheexpansivetrustbustingisA. TolimitthegrowthofdigitalplatformsB. Tobetterprotectconsumers/interestsC. TocreatemorefreedigitalproductsD. Tobetterregulatetechgiants1operationsQ3:Consumers,rightswerelargelyoverlookedbefor
11、e1970sduetoA. Politicians,prejudiceB. 1.obbyistsfinterventionC. Bigtech,shinderanceD. FlawedwelfaresystemQ4:TrustbustersfreluctancetoinvestigationsofmergersoriginatesfromA. TheirfailuresincasesconcernedB. TheImpracticalityofthelawsconcernedC. ThesoaringpricesofproductsD. TheirsleepinessoverindustryconsolidationQ5:Accordingtothelastparagraph,theauthorholdsthattechfirmsA. DeservesomelooseenvironmentB. ShouldcompetewitheachotherC. ShouldkeepundatingtheirservicesD. Confrontdirectlywithregulators
