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1、Respiratory SystemFunctions of the Respiratory System Breathing process Exchange of Oxygen and Carbon Dioxide Enable speech productionRespiratory System Function Exchange of oxygen and carbon dioxide between the atmosphere and body cells. The process is called respiration. External respiration (brea
2、thing) Internal respiration Internal Respiration All cells require oxygen for metabolism All cells require means to remove carbon dioxide Gas exchange at cellular levelExternal Respiration Ventilation exchange of air between lungs and atmosphere Gas Exchange in pulmonary capillaries Breathing largel
3、y involuntary activityOrgans of the Respiratory SystemStructures of Respiratory System upper respiratory tract nose, mouth, pharynx, epiglottis, larynx and trachea lower respiratory tract bronchial tree and lungsNose nasal cavity nasal septum mucous membrane mucus cilia olfactory receptorsStructures
4、 of the Nasal Passages and ThroatPharynx Nasopharynx adenoids or pharyngeal tonsils oropharynx palatine tonsils laryngopharynx larynxEpiglottis oropharynx and laryngopharynx serve as a common passageway for both food and air epiglottis acts as a lid or flap that covers the larynx and trachea (airway
5、) so food does not enter the lungs.Larynx voice box larynx/o glottis (vocal apparatus) vocal bands or vocal cordsTrachea Windpipe or airway mucous membrane lining with cilia smooth muscle with c-shaped cartilage rings divides into two branches: bronchi no gaseous exchange Bronchi Bronchus, singular
6、c-shaped cartilage rings with smooth muscle each bronchi divides into bronchioles terminate in air sacs called alveoli bronchus: one of two branches from the trachea, which conducts air into the lungs, where it divides and subdivides (referred to as a bronchial tree). bronchioles: smallest subdivisi
7、on of the bronchial tree alveolus: air sacs at the end of the bronchioles; oxygen and carbon dioxide are exchanged through alveolar walls and capillariesBronchioles and AlveoliBronchoscope: An OverviewBronchoscopy is a procedure to examine the bronchial tree Bronchoscope leading invasive tool for ev
8、aluation, diagnosis and treatment of disorders of the lung Catheter a thin, tube like instrument inserted into the lungs with a small light and camera on the tip which transmits imagesqDirect Examination, Diagnosis & TreatmentqAllows for removal of obstructions and foreign bodiesqTissue may be biops
9、ied (removed for microscopic observation)Normal view through the vocal cords into the subglottisThoracic Cavity thoracic thorax mediastinum heart aorta esophagus bronchi thymusAlveoli air sacs alveolar wall membranes one cell thick and surrounded by capillaries gaseous exchange takes place hereRight
10、-3 lobesLeft-2 lobesLungstracheaPleura each lung enclosed in pleura parietal pleura (inner) visceral pleura (outer) pleural space or pleural cavity lubricating fluidDiaphragm muscle separating chest and abdomen inspiration, diaphragm contracts and increases thoracic space air flows in expiration, di
11、aphragm relaxes and decreases thoracic space air flows out phrenic nerveRespiration external respiration - exchange of gases in lungs internal respiration - exchange of gases within cells of the body organs and tissues ventilation - movement of airCombining Forms for the Respiratory System adenoid/o
12、 alveol/o bronch/i, bronch/o diaphragmat/o epiglott/o laryng/o lob/o nas/o, rhin/o pharyng/o pleur/o pneum/o, pneumat/o, pneumon/o, pulmon/oCombining Forms for the Respiratory System (contd) sept/o sinus/o thorac/o tonsill/o trache/o Phren/opector/osteth/othorac/oconi/oanthrac/oCombining Forms Commo
13、nly Used with Respiratory System Terms atel/o capn/o hem/o, hemat/o muc/o orth/o ox/o, ox/i py/o spir/oPrefixes a-, an- brady- endo- tachy- eu- pan- poly- Suffixes -algia -ar, -ary -cele -centesis -eal -ectasis -emia -gram -graphy -graph -meter -metry -oxia -pexy -phonia -pnea Suffixes (contd) -rrha
14、gia -scope -scopic -scopy -spasm -stenosis -stomy -thorax -tomy -osmia -ptysis -thoraxWord Parts Meaning Breathing, Oxygen, and Chest Appear as Combining Forms and Suffixes Meaning Combining Form Suffixbreathing spir/o -pneachest thorac/o -thoraxoxygen ox/o, ox/i -oxiaDisease and Disorder Terms Buil
15、t from Word Parts adenoiditis atelectasis bronchogenic carcinoma hemothorax pansinusitis pneumonitis pneumothorax rhinorrhagiaDisease and Disorder Terms Not Built from Word Parts adult respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) asthma chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) Coccidioidomycosis (valley
16、 fever or cocci) emphysema obstructive sleep apnea (OSA) pulmonary embolism tuberculosis (TB)Surgical Terms Built from Word Parts bronchoplasty laryngocentesis lobectomy pleuropexy pneumobronchotomy thoracocentesis or thoracentesis thoracotomy tracheostomy(chest) / cv / (surgical puncture to remove fluid)Types of Diagnostic Procedures radiography: x-ray images of internal organs using ionizing radiation nuclear medicine: scans using radioactive material to determine the functional capacity of an
