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1、财务会计英语财务会计英语General Introduction To Financial Accounting To begin with ,wed like to make a general introduction to the essentials of accounting .Thus ,accounting elements ,accounting equation ,T account and double-entry systemThe ledger and chart of accounts ,journalizing and posting are introduced
2、in this passage .The purpose of this age is to pave the way for the study of this course. The accounting equation shows the Basic relationship between the accounting elements i.e. the balance position of assets on one side whereas liabilities and owners equity on the other side . so the accounting e
3、quation is :Assets =Liabilities + Owners equityAccounting element : Asset Liability Owners equity Revenue Expense ProfitAccrual vs Cash AccountingAccrual Accounting权责发生制权责发生制.Impact of business transactions are recorded when the transaction occurs Revenues are recognized when earned . Expenses are r
4、ecognized when incurred.Cash Accounting收付实现制收付实现制.Transactions are recorded when cash is received or paid . Revenues are recorded when cash is received.Expenses are recorded when cash is paid. Under accrual accounting, cash transactions are recorded as well as noncash transactions such as:Purchases
5、of inventory on accountSales on accountDepreciation expenseAccrual of expenses incurred but not yet paidUsage of prepaid rent, insurance, and suppliesThe definition of accrual basis Accrual basis is a system of accounting that matches revenues and expenses, respectively, to the period they were earn
6、ed and incurred. Under accrual basic accounting, revenue is recorded when product is hipped or service provided. Similarly, accrual basis accounting requires expenses be recorded in the period in which the related revenues were recognized. Accrual basis accounting differs from cash basis accounting,
7、 where revenue and expense are recorded when cash is received or paid. Time-Period Concept.会计期间会计期间The time-period concept ensures that accounting information is reported at regular intervals. Basic accounting period is 1 year A fiscal year ends on a date other than December 31.Interim financial sta
8、tements are usually prepared for periods such as a month, a quarter, or semiannual period.Time-Period Concept A fiscal year ends on a date other than December 31. Most retailers, including Wal-Mart and J.C.Penney, use a fiscal year that ends on January 31 because the low point in their business acti
9、vity falls after Christmas. 常用会计科目的英文名称常用会计科目的英文名称 1.资产类科目资产类科目Assets现金：Cash and cash equivalents银行存款：Bank deposit应收账款：Account receivable应收票据：Notes receivable应收股利：Dividend receivable应收利息：Interest receivable其他应收款：Other receivables 原材料：Raw materials 在途物资：Materials in transport 库存商品：inventory 存货跌价准备：ro
10、vision fort he decline in value of inventories 坏账准备：Bad debt provision 待摊费用：Prepaid expense 交易性金融资产：Trading financial assets持有至到期投资：held-to-maturity investment可供出售金融资产：Available-for-sale financial assets短期投资：Short-term investment长期股权投资：Long-term equity investment固定资产：Fixed assets累计折旧：Accumulated dep
11、reciation在建工程：Construction-in-process固定资产减值准备：provision for the decline in value of fixed assets无形资产：Intangible assets累计摊销：Accumulated amortization商誉：Goodwill递延所得税资产：deferred tax assets (DTA ) 2.负债类负债类Liability短期借款：Short-term loans/ borrowing长期借款：Long-term loans/ borrowing预收账款：advance from customers
12、/ Deposit received应付票据：Notes payable应付账款：Account payable应付工资薪酬：wages payable应付股利：Dividends payable应付利息：Interest payable应交税费：Tax payable其他应付款：Other payables递延所得税负债：Deferred tax liabilities3.所有者权益类 OWNERS EQUITY实收资本：Paid-in capital （paid-up）资本公积：Capital reserves盈余公积：Surplus reserves未确认投资损失：Unrealized
13、investment losses未分配利润：Retained earnings after appropriation4.成本类科目Cost生产成本：Manufacturing Cost制造费用：Manufacturing overhead劳务成本：labor costs 5.损益类损益类Profit and loss主营业务收入：Main operating revenue其他业务收入：Other operating revenue营业外收入：Non-operating income投资收益：Investment income产品销售收入：sales revenue主营业务成本：Main
14、operating costscost of goods sold / cost of sales其他业务支出：Other operating costs营业外支出：Non-operating expense销售费用：Selling expense管理费用：General and administration expense （G&A expense）财务费用：Finance expense公允价值变动损益：Gain/loss of the change of fair value所得税：Income taxClosing the Books.结帐结帐Temporary accounts ar
15、e closed-Revenues-Expenses-DividendsPermanent accounts are not closed-Assets-Liabilities-Stockholders EquityClosing accounts Debit each revenue account for its credit balance and credit Retained Earnings for the sum of the revenues.Credit each expense account for its debit balance. Debit retained ea
16、rnings for the sum of the expenses . Credit the dividends account for its debit balance. Debit Retained Earnings.Classified Balance SheetCurrent assetsLong-term assetsCurrent liabilitiesLong-term liabilitiesFormats for Financial StatementsBalance sheet formats-Report format-Account formatIncome statement formats-Single-step income statement-Multi-step income statementAccounting RatiosCurrent RatioTotal Current Assets Total Current Liabilities=Debt RatioTotal LiabilitiesTotal Assets=Using RatiosC
