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1、心脏病人非心脏手术心脏病人非心脏手术术前评估与术中管理术前评估与术中管理 Impact Factor 9.275The Preambleu Guidelines and recommendations should help physicians and other healthcare providers to make decisions in their daily practice.However,the physician in charge of his/her care must make the ultimate judgement regarding the care of
2、an individual patient IntroductionThe present guidelines focus on the cardiological management of patients undergoing non-cardiac surgery,i.e.patients where heart disease is a potential source of complications during surgery major non-cardiac surgery is associated with an incidence of cardiac death
3、of between 0.5 and 1.5%,and of major cardiac complications of between 2.0 and 3.5%Impact of the ageing population It is estimated that elderly people require surgery four times more often than the rest of the population Pre-operative evaluation Surgical risk for cardiac events:the urgency,magnitude,
4、type,and duration of the procedure,as well as the change in body core temperature,blood loss,and fluid shifts Functional capacity Functional capacity is measured in metabolic equivalents(METs)Exercise testing provides an objective assessment of functional capacity Without testing,functional capacity
5、 can be estimated by the ability to perform the activities of daily living 4 METs indicates poor functional capacity and is associatedwith an increased incidence of post-operative cardiac events Risk indices Goldman(1977),Detsky(1986),Lee(1999)The Lee index,to be the best currently available cardiac
6、 risk prediction index in non-cardiac surgery Six independent clinical determinants(The Lee index)a history of IHD a history of cerebrovascular disease heart failure insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus impaired renal function High-risk type of surgery The Lee index All factors contribute equally to
7、the index(with 1 point each)the incidence of major cardiac complications is estimated at 0.4,0.9,7,and 11%in patients with an index of 0,1,2,and 3 points,respectively Biomarkers Cardiac troponins T and I(cTnT and cTnI)are the preferred markers for the diagnosis of MI because they demonstrate sensiti
8、vity and tissue specificity superior to other available biomarkers Plasma BNP and NT-proBNP important prognostic indicators in patients with heart failure additional prognostic value for long-term mortality and for cardiac events Non-invasive testing three cardiac risk markers:LV dysfunction myocard
9、ial ischaemia heart valve abnormalities Echocardiography A meta-analysis of the available data demonstrated that an LV ejection fraction of 100 mmHg Nitrates:Nitroglycerin DiureticsAspirinAnticoagulant therapy RevascularizationSpecific diseases Arterial hypertension Valvular heart disease Aortic ste
10、nosis Mitral stenosis AR and MR prosthetic valve(s)Arterial hypertension antihypertensive medications should be continued during the perioperative period.In patients with grade 3 hypertension(systolic blood pressure 180 mmHg and/or diastolic blood pressure 110 mmHg),the potential benefits of delayin
11、g surgery to optimize the pharmacological therapy should be weighed against the risk of delaying the surgical procedure Valvular heart disease higher risk Echocardiography should be performed Aortic stenosis Severe AS:aortic valve area 1 cm2 1.5 cm2)and in asymptomatic patients with significant MS(v
12、alve area 1.5 cm2)and systolic pulmonary artery pressure 50 mmHg control of heart rate Strict control of fluid overload anticoagulation AFAR and MR Non-significant AR and MR(low risk)asymptomatic patients with severe AR and MR and preserved LV function(low risk)Symptomatic patients and LV EF30%(High
13、 risk,only if necessary,optimization of pharmacological therapy)prosthetic valve(s)no evidence of valve or ventricular dysfunction(without additional risk)endocarditis prophylaxis anticoagulation regimen modification Bradyarrhythmias Temporary cardiac pacing is rarely required,even in the presence o
14、f pre-operative asymptomatic bifascicular block or CLBBB The indications for temporary pacemakers are generally the same as those for permanent pacemakers Pacemaker/implantable cardioverter defibrillator unipolar electrocautery represents a significant risk be avoided by positioning the ground plate
15、 Keeping the electrocautery device away from the pacemaker,giving only brief bursts and using the lowest possible amplitude The implantable cardioverter defibrillator should be turned off during surgery and switched on in the recovery phase before discharge to the ward Perioperative monitoring V5(75
16、%),V4(61%),V5+V4(90%),V5+V4+II(96%)Continuous automated ST trending monitors(sensitivity and specificity of 74 and 73%)ECGTransesophageal echocardiographyRight heart catherization both a large observational study and a randomized multicentre clinical trial did not show a benefit associated with the use of right heart catheterization no difference in mortality and hospital duration /a higher incidence of pulmonary embolismDisturbed glucose metabolism promotes atherosclerosis,endothelial dysfuncti
