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1、vALI and its more severe sub-set,ARDS,is a common clinical disorder characterized by injury to the alveolar epithelial and endothelial barriers of the lung,acute inflammation,and protein-rich pulmonary oedema leading to acute respiratory failure.Often occurs in the setting of MOF.急性肺损伤及其更加严重的情况ARDS是
2、一种常见的临床异常状况，以肺泡上皮细胞及肺内皮细胞屏障损害、急性炎症反应、富含蛋白的肺水肿导致的急性呼吸衰竭为特点。经常发生于多器管衰竭的情况下。vAcute onset of respiratory failure with one or more risk factors(table,opposite)vHypoxaemia ALI:Ratio PaO2(kPa):FiO2 40 ARDS:Ratio PaO2(kPa):FiO2 27vBilateral infiltrates on CXRvPulmonary capillary wedge pressure 19mmHg,with n
3、ormal colloid oncotic pressure(in patients with hypoalbuminaemia,the critical PCWP is approx.serum albumin(g/l)0.57,see P282)or clinical exclusion of cardiac failure.v发生急性呼吸衰竭，伴有1或多个危险因素（见对侧表）v低氧血症 ALI:PaO2(kPa):FiO2 40 FiO2 为吸氧浓度之意 ARDS:PaO2(kPa):FiO2 27v胸部X线检查示双肺浸润v肺动脉嵌压（PCWP）小于19mmHg，胶体渗透压正常（在低蛋白
4、血症患者，PCWP大约为血清白蛋白(g/l)0.57）或临床排除心力衰竭。Direct lung injury 直接肺损伤 vAspiration 误吸 Gastric contents 胃内容物 Near drowning 淹溺vInhalation injury 吸入性损伤 Noxious gases 有毒气体 Smoke 烟vPneumonia 肺炎 Any organism 任何病原菌 PCP（Pneumocystis pneumonia）卡氏肺囊虫性肺炎vPulmonary vasculitides 肺血管炎vPulmonary contusion 肺挫伤vDrug toxicity
5、 or overdose 药物中毒或过量 Oxygen 氧中毒 Opiate overdose 阿片剂过量 Bleomycin 博来霉素 Salicylates 水杨酸盐vShock 休克 vSepticaemia 脓毒血症vAmniotic or fat embolism 羊水或脂肪栓塞vAcute pancreatitis 急性胰腺炎vMassive haemorrhage 大出血vMultiple transfusions 大量输血vDIC（diffusion intravascular coagulation）vMassive burns 大面积烧伤vMajor trauma 严重创伤
6、vHead injury 头外伤 Raised ICP 颅内压升高 Intracranial bleed 颅内出血vCardio-pulmonary bypass 心肺旁路术vAcute liver failure 急性肝衰减vCXRvABG(consider arterial line as regular samples may be required)vTake blood for FBC,U&Es,LFTs and albumin,coagulation,X-match,and CRPvSeptic screen(culture blood,urine,sputum)vECGvCons
7、ider drug screen,amylase if history suggestivevPulmonary artery catheter to measure PCWP,cardiac output,mixed venous oxygen saturation and to allow calculation of haemodynamic parametersv胸部X线检查v动脉血气分析v采血查全血细胞、肾功、电解质、肝功和白蛋白、凝血功能、X-match和 CRPv感染筛查（血、尿、痰培养）v心电图v如有相关病史行药物筛查及淀粉酶检测v肺动脉导管测量PCWP，心输出、混合静脉氧浓度
8、并计算血流动力学参数。CT chest Broncho-alveolar lavage for microbiology and cell count(?eosinophils)Carboxy-haemoglobin estimation.胸部CT检查 支气管-肺泡灌洗查微生物及细胞计数（嗜酸性粒细胞？）碳-氧血红蛋白测定vAlmost all cases of ALI alone will require HDU/ICU care:liaise earlyvThe main aim is to identify and treat the underlying cause whilst pr
9、oviding support for organ failure:Respiratory support to improve gas exchange and correct hypoxia Cardiovascular support to optimize oxygen delivery to tissues Reverse or treat the underlying cause.v几乎所有的ALI患者需要重症监护v主要目的是明确诊断，治疗原发病并对衰竭器管提供支持。呼吸支持以改善通气、纠正缺氧。心血管系统支持以改善组织供氧 逆转和治疗原发病vIn very mild ALI,hy
10、poxia can be corrected with increased inspired oxygen concentrations(FiO2 40-60%).However,such patients are rarely recognized as having ALI as a cause of their respiratory failure.v对于非常轻症的ALI患者,增加吸入氧浓度(FiO2 40-60%)即可纠正缺氧。然而，这样的轻症患者很少被诊断出ALI作为其呼吸衰竭的原因。vPatients invariably require higher oxygen concen
11、trations(non-rebreather masks with reservoir FiO2 60-80%)or CPAP(see P904).Consider transfer to HDU/ICUv如果患者总是需要高浓度给氧（带贮气器的非再呼吸面罩，给氧浓度60%80%）或持续正压通气支持，考虑转入ICU。vIndications for mechanical ventilation Inadequate oxygenation(PaO2 0.6)Rising or elevated PaCO2(6kPa)Clinical signs of incipient respiratory
12、/cardiovascular failure.v机械通气适应症.氧合不足（当 FiO2 0.6时PaO2 45mmHg)临床出现呼吸或循环衰竭 vThis is the realm of the ICU physician.Main aim is to improve oxygenation/ventilation while minimizing the risk of further ventilator-induced lung injury;termed lung protective ventilation.v机械通气属于ICU医师的工作范围。主要目的是改善氧合/通气同时最小化通气
13、诱发的肺损伤，也就是肺保护性通气策略。vControlled mechanical ventilation with sedation(neuromuscular blockade).v用镇静剂(神经肌肉阻滞剂)实现可控机械通气vAim for tidal volume 6ml/kg.Recent evidence has confirmed that ventilation with smaller tidal volumes is associated with improved outcome compared to the traditional approach(10-12ml/kg
14、).v目标潮气量6ml/kg。最近的证据表明小潮气量通气与传统的方法（10-12ml/kg）比可明显改善愈后。vStart with FiO2=1.0.Subsequent adjustments are made to achieve oxygen saturation 90%with FiO2 0.6.v开始用纯氧，继而调整使得在给氧浓度小于0.6时氧饱和度达到90%以上。vPositive end expiratory pressure(PEEP)improves oxygenation in most patients and allows reduction in FiO2.Usua
15、l starting level,5-10cm H2O,with optimal levels in the range 10-15cm H2O.Beware hypotension due to reduction in venous return.v在大多数患者，PEEP可以改善氧合从而可降低给氧浓度。通常从5-10cm H2O开始，理想水平为10-15cm H2O。需小心因静脉回流减少而导致的低血压。vThe use of smaller tidal volumes may impair CO2 clearance with resulting acidosis despite high
16、 ventilatory rates(20-25 breaths/minute).Further increases in rate or tidal volume risk worsening ventilator-induced lung injury.Gradual increases in pCO2(up to 13kPa)are well tolerated in most patients and acidosis(pH 7.25)can be treated with intravenous bicarbonate,so-called permissive hypercapnia.v尽管通气频率高（20-25次/分），应用小潮气量通气模式可能降低CO2清除率导致酸中毒。进一步增加呼吸频率或潮气量则增加通气诱发的肺损伤的风险。大多患者可以耐受缓慢增加的pCO2（最高可达13kPa/97.7mmHg，酸中毒时(pH 48 hours,or multi-organ failure.v治疗肾衰：肾衰常见，可能需要肾脏替代治疗以控制液体平衡和血生化。v经肠道饮食:有助于保持消化道内
